1880. | Anthropology. 535 
to conscious choice and control. Those who are familiar with the 
history of discussion concerning the origin of human institutions 
are aware that the road pursued, the modus operandi, the order of 
sequence, can be sharply distinguished from the part played by 
human intelligence and choice in their evolution, or elaboration. 
Mr. Spencer gives the maximum weight to extraneous influences 
or spontaneity, allowing conscious selection to have had only a 
small share in the operation. Some of the author’s attempts to 
trace mysterious customs to a natural genesis are extremely in- 
genious; as, kissing to smelling and licking of young (p. 15-17); 
the carrying of boughs or branches of trees to show that no arms 
are secreted (p. 22-25); all State and religious ceremonies and ob- 
servances to affection for, and subjection to, the living or the dead 
chief; the hoarding of heads, jaws, fingers, foreskins, scalps, and 
other portions of an enemy’s body as demonstrating prowess and 
witnessing to superiority ; mutilations of all kinds are an advance 
upon taking trophies from dead enemies, since the conquered is 
held as a slave or vassal; present making is referred to propitia- 
tion of chiefs or gods, as an acknowledgment of submission, and 
from these develop tribute, taxes, fees, salaries, oblations, and 
church revenues; visiting is traced to the necessity of appearing 
Statedly at court as an evidence of loyalty, and church-going an 
pilgrimages of all kind, to reverence for the ghost or the god; 
obeisances are putting the body in a position which shows that 
we have given ourselves up to be killed; badges are derived from 
trophies, and even clothing is a development of the badge rather 
than a prompting to protection or decency; and fashion is propi- 
tiation by the imitation of defects and shortcomings. 
_ The decay of ceremony as we pass from militancy to industrial- 
ism is insisted on throughout the volume, and at its close. The 
vast amount of research in the preparation of this work, makes it a 
storehouse of information, even to those who may think with Mr. 
Tylor, that “ pleasant bodily sensations” and many other motives 
than fear may have cooperated in ceremonial observances. 
THE ORIENTAL OricIn oF METALLURGY.—M. Ernest Chantre is 
the author of an octavo monograph upon the Oriental origin of 
metallurgy, published in Lyon, 1879, by Pitrat Ainé, and con- 
taining thirty-two pages of text, illustrated by four plates. The 
author has given us many able treatises upon the archeology of 
the Rhone basin, and upon the Age of Bronze. The conclusions 
to which the author comes in the work under consideration are as 
follows: 
1. The first metal to make its appearance in the West was 
bronze, and this was during the Stone age. 
2. The knowledge of metallurgy, through which bronze sup- 
planted stone as a material of implements, etc., was not the result 
= the local evolution of industrial ideas ; but was due to importa- 
ion, 
