1877.] On the Peopling of America. 223 
It will be seen that I differ from Dr. Abbott by considering 
the presence of the progenitors of the Eskimo over the main belt 
- of this continent during the Ice period as due to ‘‘a primitive and 
unconscious migration determined by the shifting of their conge- 
nial surroundings.” It does not appear that Dr. Rink couples 
the migration of the Eskimo with the movement of the ice over 
this continent. Indeed, his idea seems opposed to this, and does 
not imply any relation between the Eskimo and the Ice period. 
These discoveries and considerations open up the question of 
Tertiary man. It is certain, as I have elsewhere suggested, that 
man could not have originated at the foot of the glacier. The 
ice must have met him, towards the close of the Tertiary, in the 
northern parts of Asia and America and forced him southward ; 
or, at a later time, it must have found him on the main belt of 
this continent. The Tertiary origin of man is presupposed from 
the fact that he had submitted to a race modification fitting him 
to endure the cold. Some support for these ideas may be found 
in examining northern strata; it must be borne in mind, how- 
ever, that the north has never been free from ice since the close 
of the Pliocene to this day. 
It would appear more sensible, in view of the present ascer- 
tained facts of science, that for the original Tertiary form of 
man we should search a territory iihabitéd at that time by an- 
imals the nearest related to him. Considerations of this kind 
will prevent us from entertaining the belief that man originated 
in America. We must still believe that America has always 
been for man the New World 
If we turn to the detached Antarctic lands, covered by glaciers 
descending to form an ice wall along their coasts, to be fretted 
away by the beating of the ocean waves, we see that other 
sciences may be advanced by their exploration, but anthropology 
only indirectly. In February, 1842, Ross reached the most 
southern point yet attained, lat. 78° 11’, long. 161° 27’W., and 
it is strange that both he and Weddell! report an open sea before 
them to the south, as Kane did to the north. 
So soon as Arctic America is explored by means of the estab- 
lishment of permanent stations of observation, akin to that in 
Operation on Mount Washington, a system recently recom- 
mended in this country as well as in Europe, important data as 
to the introduction of man on this continent cannot fail to be 
brought to light. The establishment of an international scien- 
1 Neumayer, Zeits. Ges. Erdk., 1872. 
