1877.] On the Peopling of America. 225 
in the peopling of North America will be found, I think, exag- 
gerated. We may conceive that this peopling was effected dur- 
ing the Tertiary ; that the ice modified races of Pliocene man, 
existing in the north of Asia and America, forced them south- 
ward, and then drew them back to the locality where they had 
undergone their original modification. Also, we may suggest 
that other than Arctic man may have existed across the main 
belt of this continent during the Pliocene, and that his subse- 
quent intellectual development, as we find it recorded in the 
West, Mexico, and South America, etc., is the result of his envi- 
ronment acting upon his isolated condition. 
The object of the present paper is to call attention to this hy- 
pothesis, which must be studied from the point of view that 
man’s earlier migrations were not distinguishable in kind from 
those of lower animals. It seems to me quite evident that, at a 
time when instinct was developing into reason, the migrations of 
man must have had a motive which was not far removed from 
that influencing certain lower animals under the same circum- 
stances. If we concede this, it follows that the objects of man’s 
primitive migrations were more immediate, and of his culture 
migrations more remote. This one fact, that the distribution of 
man over the surface of the globe is more general than that of 
any other animal, will support the view that, through the fertil- 
ity of his resources, he has been able to outgrow the limitations 
originally imposed upon him. But these resources must have 
been brought into play by experience ; and their cost was surely 
the premature perishment of many of the kind.1 During the 
process, then, which resulted in the race modification of the Es- 
kimos, their original numbers must have been decreased by the 
slowly but ever increasing cold of the northern regions, until ex- 
perience and physical adaptation combined brought them to a 
State of comparative stability as a race. i 
We must also consider that the farther back we go the nearer 
_ We must come to a common race of man, supposing the theory of 
the essential unity of his origin to be true, while I think the 
Probable effect of the Ice period upon climate and the present 
development of man has not been hitherto sufficiently consid- 
ered. The entire environment must be taken into consideration, 
VOL. XI. — xo. 4, 15 
