1877.] Geography and Exploration. 249 
tion of the beds which contained them is near the base of the lower 
Cretaceous formation, or top of the upper Jurassic, they are insufficient 
to mark the definite horizon to which the series should be referred. It 
is sufficiently obvious that they exhibit a blending of the life of the 
Cretaceous period with that of the Jurassic.” x 
RoĮmIıxnGER’s Foss, Corars or Micniean. — This is a treatise on 
the indigenous fossil corals of Michigan, forming the palæontology of 
the Reports on the Geology of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The- 
value of the work is greatly enhanced by the large number of excellent 
photographie figures, printed by the Albertotype process. There are 
fifty-five plates, each usually containing four figures. A good many new 
species are described, and the work bears evidence of care in its prepa- 
ration. 
GEOGRAPHY AND EXPLORATION. 
GEOGRAPHICAL ProGress IN 1876.1— The geographical feature of 
the past year has been the increased interest shown in the enlargement 
of geographical knowledge, not only by the investigations and explora- 
tions which have taken place and the discoveries which have been made, 
but by the establishment of geographical societies in Denmark, Spain, 
and Portugal, by a large increase of members in the leading societies of 
England, France, and Italy, and in the inauguration by the king of 
Belgium of an international organization, composed of prominent geog- 
raphers, African explorers, and the heads of the leading geographical 
societies of the world, to carry on the work of exploring and civilizing 
the interior of Africa upon a systematic plan,—a movement of great 
interest, and which in all probability will lead to very important results. 
The Challenger returned May 24, 1876, after an absence of nearly four 
ears. 
Archzeological researches have during the past year been active and 
attended with interesting results. E.'T. Wood, who spent eleven years 
in exploring the site of the City of Ephesus, contending with marauding 
brigands, and working in pits and trenches almost constantly under 
Water, has during the year published the account of his labors. The 
German archeologists, Drs. Hirschfeld and Weil, and Mr. Béotticher, 
have been engaged during the year in making excavations at Olympia, in 
Greece, which, beside clearing the ruins of the temple and laying bare 
its marble pavement, have led to the discovery of numerous inscriptions, 
sculptures, and other objects of interest. The site of the celebrated 
temple, which for centuries was a dreary waste, has now, in consequence 
of these discoveries, become a resort for tourists. Mr. L. P. di Cesnola, 
who has been absent for three years continuing his researches in Cyprus, 
ended his labors last autumn, and is now upon his return to this city. 
He has discovered the site of Kurium, mentioned by Strabo, of which — 
: Abstract of Judge Daly’s Address at the Annual Meeting of the American Geo- 
Braphical Society, New York, January 23, 1877. 
