1877.] Stone Implements. and Ornaments. 267 
sions, a couple of inches deep in the centre, about four inches 
wide throughout, and perhaps six or eight in length, which were 
undoubtedly the results of this artificial process of attrition. 
Here, I am satisfied, beneath the walls of the houses the ancient 
laborers stepped out to sharpen their awkward stone tools. 
In Plate I. may be seen a peculiar form of axe (Figure 5). 
It has seen much service, and is furnished with a groove for the 
attachment of a handle. This specimen was found at a ruin near 
Abiquiu, N. M., and is made of a light-colored chloritic schist. 
It is three inches in length. A num- 
ber of forms of hammers and mauls 
were discovered, varying in weight 
from a few ounces to twenty -five 
pounds, F igure 53 shows an unusual 
form of a stone hammer obtained in 
the Moqui towns of Arizona. The (1. 58.) HAMMER OF PORPHYRY. 
man from whom I purchased it informed me that it had been 
handed down from generation to generation, and had been used 
by the old fathers of the tribe long before iron was introduced 
among them by the whites. It is made of a hard, greenish 
porphyritic rock containing iron, which is seen streaking the 
sides of the implement. The stone is similar to the verde an- 
tique of the ancients. 
Great mauls weighing twenty pounds and over were used by 
the Ancient Pueblos, though for what purpose it is difficult to 
imagine ; they must have required more than one pair of hands 
to wield them. These were usually made of compact sandstone, 
and were cylindrical, with the groove for the handle extending 
around the circumference near one end. The striking end was 
frequently terminated conically. There was also the flat, water- 
washed cobble of the river, which was similar to many of the 
axes, excepting that it had not been ground to an edge, but was 
used in a blunt state for pounding. Some of the hammers were 
ovoid, with the groove extending around the centre, so that either 
side could be used at will. Several beautifully shaped and pol- 
ished fleshers, or skin scrapers, were picked up by the party along 
the San Juan River. These are about six or eight inches in 
length, with the broader end sharpened. They are made of 
smooth, fine-grained stones, such as jasper or silicified wood, al- 
though I found a portion of one which was a chbdcolate-colored 
slate. Mr. Holmes, in the Mancos Cañon, observed the end of 
ne protruding from the floor of a ruin, and upon drawing it 
