1877. ] The Study of Zodlogy in Germany. 335 
In Germany special knowledge is required on the part of the — 
teachers; it is only in the United States that a professor has to 
teach zodlogy, botany, paleontology, and geology all at once. 
Accordingly there are often persons in the zodlogical laboratories 
who intend to become school-teachers, while the more brilliantly 
endowed aspire to university chairs. There are then, two sorts 
of students, but though the aim of one is humbler, yet they too 
prize the degree of Doctor and work eagerly at their theses to 
secure the desired title. The opportunity is thus offered to each 
student to follow the course of several investigations. 
The research is usually upon some point in comparative anat- 
omy or in embryology, less frequently in histology, but it sel- 
dom has much to do with species, which are our greatest bugbear. 
New species are seldom discovered in Europe now, unless among 
the worms and protozoa, but anybody can find new species in 
the United States in almost any group of invertebrates. An 
industrious collector could probably easily obtain in one year 
in New England alone more than one thousand undescribed spe- 
cies of hexapod insects. In fact the trouble in Europe comes not 
from the species having no name, but from their having half a 
dozen different names. However, the forms are almost all known, 
and the work of zodlogists is much eased by it. It is to be hoped 
that we shall soon be equally well off. 
In every laboratory microscopes are in continual use. The in- 
struments are always simple and small, being intended to be kept 
on the work-table, and take up little room. The complicated 
machines, the delight of amateurs and the abhorrence of histolo- 
gists, so much in vogue among us are never met with there. It 
is common enough to find Americans and Englishmen giving up 
their big home-made instruments and taking to the smaller and 
more convenient Continental microscopes, but the writer never 
knew any one to do the reverse. Simplicity, efficiency, and in- 
€xpensiveness make the German and French microscopes so 
Superior to ours that it becomes a waste of money to purchase 
an American instrument. 
Not only does the student keep his microscope constantly in 
use, but he is also continually making histological preparations of 
whatever good material he gets. He therefore becomes skilled and 
experienced, sees a great many different tissues, and is enabled 
afterwards to examine the cellular structure of any organ he 
wishes to study and control his results by comparisons with the 
tissues which he has already studied. Our next article will be 
