592 The Ancient and Modern Pueblo Tribes.  [October, 
At the present day there are two tribes of semi-civilized In- 
dians in New Mexico, known as the Pueblos and the Zuiiis. These 
people live in permanent stone houses which resemble closely in 
*rchitecture the deserted ruins to the north. In the northeast- 
ern part of Arizona, situated in longitude 110° to 111° west, and 
latitude 35° to 36° north, are the seven towns of the Moquis, a 
tribe closely allied to the Pueblos and Zuiiis, and doubtless a 
branch of the same ancestral stock. 
The object of this paper is to give some facts which will help 
to prove that the ancient people with whom originated the ruins 
of this section were the ancestors of the three house-building 
tribes just mentioned. 
The question which first presents itself to our minds is, Who 
were the architects of these ancient and extensive ruins? In 
striving to solve this problem, let us in the first place glance at a 
few of the traditions of the barbarous tribes which occupy this 
portion of North America. Although traditions and legends are 
by no means data from which to draw conclusions, nevertheless 
they may be of interest in this connection, as showing the ideas 
which the present Indians of the West entertain in regard to these 
ancient ruins and their creators. Moreover, we can detect in 
many of these “imaginings” a remarkable similarity through 
different and widely separated tribes, which fact lends to them at 
least a semblance of probability. 
The Moquis of Arizona profess to have among them an ancient 
tradition which runs in this wise: The entire country covered 
by ancient habitations was occupied long ago by a peaceful, agri- 
cultural, and pastoral race, from the time the earth was but a 
small island. Here they flourished and multiplied for many gen- 
erations, tilling the soil and raising flocks and herds along the 
fertile river valleys. After a time another tribe, uncultivated 
and barbarous, came down from the north to visit them.! The 
people received them kindly and treated them in a hospitable 
manner, and their visits grew more frequent. Finally they be- 
came annoying and showed a warlike spirit. The owners of the 
land then fled to the cliffs, and subsisted as best they could, un- 
til the barbarians from the north came down with their fami- 
lies and settled permanently, driving their victims from the 
country. Then the persecuted people gathered together once 
more at the Cristone (a needle-shaped spire of rock on the San 
1 These latter were undoubtedly the ancestors of the Utes and other savage tribes 
which formerly occupied that section. 
