594 The Ancient and Modern Pueblo Tribes.  [October, 
of the Rio San Juan, and those to a certain distance south, are of 
exceedingly great antiquity. 
On visiting the seven Moqui villages after passing through the 
ruins of Southern Utah and Northern Arizona, the archeologist is 
first impressed with the remarkable similarity which exists be- 
tween the architecture, utensils, and implements of the ancient 
and modern peoples. The architecture of the Moquis, especially, 
resembles strongly that of the ancient Pueblos. The houses are 
very ancient, and were built certainly more than four centuries 
ago, as they were found by the Spaniards about the years 1539- 
1541, in the same condition, almost, as they are now. At that 
time they had been occupied for years, and north of them the 
same buildings which are now crumbling in ruins were deserted. 
The Moqui towns were known to the discoverers as the “ Prov- 
ince of Tusayan.” The houses are made of stone, after the man- 
ner of the ruins, the walls being massive and squarely built. 
The stones are laid in adobe mortar without lime, and the walls 
are plastered externally and internally with mud, which has given 
some explorers the erroneous idea that they are adobe struct- 
ures. Space will not permit me to enter into a description of the 
architecture and an exhaustive comparison of the methods of 
building of the two different periods of time. The general form 
of the Moqui houses is identical with that of the ancients, and the 
materials used are the same in both cases. Both were generally 
approached by ladders, and the more recent Moqui buildings were 
built on high mesas, just as the older structures were usually set 
in the cliffs and caves, for protection from enemies. 
In general form and appearance the earthenware of the two 
ages corresponds. ‘The process of manufacture was the same ın 
both, and the resulting utensils vary but slightly in any respect. 
To be sure the modern ware is inferior in quality to the ancient, 
and lacks that finished glazing which characterizes the latter. 
The same geometrical designs are common to both, and are painted 
in colors, usually black, red, yellow, or white. Among the ruins 
the fragmentary pottery is very abundant, being scattered over 
hundreds of miles of country. For each ancient form of vessel a 
corresponding one may be found in the modern Moqui wate. It 
may be argued by some that the Moquis did not inherit the art 
from the ancients, but simply imitated in shape and finish the 
‘numerous specimens which still remain of the old Pueblos. This, 
however, seems not at all probable, for the Moquis seldom lea 
their own towns, and few, if any of them, have ever visited those 
ruins which abound in this ware, along the San Juan River. 
