1877. ] The Ancient and Modern Pueblo Tribes. 595 
The art is an ancient one and has undoubtedly been handed 
down from generation to generation, with few modifications or al- 
terations, and no improvements. It would be a very singular cir- 
cumstance if this particular tribe should pattern after an earlier 
race (having no connection with it), while the other tribes of this 
section, as the Utes, Navajos, Apaches, etc., though living to a 
great extent in the very ruins themselves, and still practicing the 
art of molding clay, do not imitate the ancient pottery, but pos- 
sess their own peculiar methods. ; > 
The most common stone implement to be found among the 
débris of the ruins is the corn-grinder or rubbing-stone, which in 
form is long and flat, made of sandstone, basalt, or coarse- 
grained pudding-stone, and measuring some ten or twelve inches 
in length, four in width, and an inch or so in thickness at the 
centre. These grinders have been rubbed down by use, flat on 
one side and sloping on the’'other from the centre to the edges, 
giving each stone a three-sided appearance. There is another 
form of this tool which is usually made of the’ coarser-grained 
materials, being oblong, probably four to six inches in length, 
four in width, one to two in thickness, and flat on both sides. 
Several of these we found in a state of completeness, while of the 
former we found but one perfect specimen. Accompanying such 
objects in many of the ruins were large, square, flat stones, a 
foot or fifteen feet square and a few inches deep, which had been 
hollowed out by long rubbing on the upper surface. These were 
the millstones or metates, on which the corn was ground with 
the aid of the rubbing-stone. Through Southern Utah and in 
Arizona we found several perfect millstones and scores of frag- 
ments, which we were unable to transport on account of their 
great weight. 
The same implements are found in use at present among the 
Moquis. In every house there is a series of three or four of these 
mills with their grinding-stones. From the presence of these 
among both the ancients and moderns, their modes of labor, at 
» are shown to have been similar. 
_ Great stone mortars and pestles occur among the ruins, and on 
the tops of the Moqui dwellings they are still numerous, though 
for the most part are now not used. In the centre of the open 
court of Tegua there is a pile of large stones, among which is a 
nge stone hammer or maul made of hard sandstone, measuring 
out a foot in length and weighing at least twenty-five pounds, 
This resembles closely some which were discovered among the 
