- 
676 _ Glacial Marks on the Pacific Coast. _ [ November, 
also ranged northeasterly over the lava plains, where the Modoe 
war formerly raged, and over the Klamath Lakes and Tule 
Lake. At our feet yawned the crater, about a thousand feet 
deep, its rim guarded by sharp, jagged pinnacles, while immense 
snow fields ran down to the bottom, in which lay two small 
frozen lakes. 
On reaching our point of view overlooking the glacier, Mr. 
Sisson, who though he has observed the glacier for many years, 
had not now seen it for four years, remarked that it had 
diminished very considerably, the surface appearing at least 
seventy-five or one hundred feet lower than when he saw it four 
years previous. The glacier lies in a gulch on the north side of 
the mountain, and heads in a field of snow, or névé, which Mr. 
Sisson told me was continuous with the McCloud Glacier. The 
upper end must be over 13,500 feet in elevation. The surface is 
white and clean near the top. Ice cascades and crevasses begin 
very near the upper termination.” On the upper portion on the 
east side, under a perpendicular wall of rock, is a lateral moraine, 
and a little farther down, where the glacier abuts against the crater 
cone, is a lateral moraine on the west side. The eastern lateral 
moraine ends in three ridges of dirt and loose masses of rock, 
and the terminal moraine covers the bottom of the glacier and 
connects the two lateral moraines. The end of the glacier, in- 
stead of being free of detritus, pushing the mass before it as 1n 
most European glaciers, rans under the terminal moraine for a 
considerable distance, the ice here and there projecting above the 
surface of the moraine. When these should melt away hollows 
would be formed, like those seen in the ancient moraines about 
Salem, Mass., and Southern New England. Large, angular 
bowlders lie scattered over the lower part of the glacier. The 
glacier extends nearly to the timber line, and seemed by @ rough 
guess to be about three miles long. At the middle of the glacier 
the walls of lava rock are but slightly worn by the ice, owing to 
the hardness of the rock, and no grooves were to be seen. The 
glacier, judging by the frequent explosions, was in motion. 
At and beyond the end of the present terminal moraine lies the 
former extension of it, constituting naked plains ; and below, the 
still more ancient moraine, showing the former size of the glacier, 
and comprised of a series of well-wooded hills. A muddy spasms 
with a white bed and banks runs north into Shasta Valley wr 
the end of the glacier. Near the termination of the glacier on the 
northeast side are three well-marked old naked moraines, at 
