678 Glacial Marks on the Pacific Coast. [| November, 
` minal moraine, and that by the melting of the ice the hillocks 
would not only remain, but deep hollows would be left. Now 
we have precisely the same contour of the surface over a large 
part of Essex County, Mass., particularly about Salem and on 
the islands on the southern shore of New England. ‘The pecul- 
iar scenery about Salem and Andover, and on Naushon Island, 
Martha’s Vineyard, etc., can be fully explained by a reference 
to the terminal moraines on the glaciers of Mount Shasta, as in 
fact has been done by Mr. King.! Again, I believe the so-called 
kames, osars or eskers of New England, such as Indian Ridge 
in Andover, Mass., and similar horsebacks in the White Mount- 
ains and in Maine, which I have examined, are much like the 
long, slender ridges of gravel and bowlders which lie on the flanks 
of Mount Shasta. Without much doubt the bulk of the glacial 
drift of the Northern Atlantic States was ground-moraine mate- 
rial, while a large proportion formerly covered the ice sheets, 
often thin and broad, which spread out over the hilly portions of 
the country; and the gravel ridges or eskers were lateral .mo- 
raines, though perhaps also in part terminal, which have been 
partly rewashed by fresh or salt water. 
Very interesting moraines were again seen on both sides of the 
stage road in Butteville, Shasta Valley. A remarkable one, ev- 
idently derived from the crater cone, and which must be ten or 
fifteen miles in length, is composed of small bowlders of reddish 
lava, arranged in transverse rows, with clear interspaces, the 
ridges not being more than a foot or two high, the bowlders be- 
ing much smaller and less angular, having traveled farther than 
those in the Devil’s Garden. 
The glacial phenomena about Puget Sound and the southern 
extremity of Vancouver Island, about Victoria, were of a high 
degree of interest. Leaving the Columbia River at Kalama the 
Northern Pacific runs through a broad, park-like valley covered 
originally with pine forests, the valley widening towards Tacoma, 
at the head of Puget Sound, the surface being flat or undulating, 
with quite well-marked moraine hills and gravelly ridges, resem- 
bling those in New England. This region, like the New England 
coast, has been under the sea, and the waters of Puget Sound 
have washed and rewashed the original moraines, so that the 
scenic features are strikingly similar to the familiar plains and 
fields and ridges about Boston and Salem, as well as Southern 
a Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada, 1872; and Some Remarkable Gravel 
Ridges in the Merrimac Valley, by Rev. G. F. Wright, 1877. 
