1877.] Geography and Exploration. 695 
motion as observed by Professor Tyndall on the Mer de Glace (Cha- 
mouni) was 333 inches (0.85 metre) in June. 
“The rate of flow, already mentioned, has an important bearing on the 
theory of glacier-motion. As the slope of the Jakobshavn glacier, which 
has the extraordinarily rapid motion of twenty metres per diem, is only 
half a degree, the fall of the bed of the valley cannot be the most impor- 
tant factor in the motion of glaciers. This considerable velocity must be 
due to the quantity of ice which has to be carried out to the fjord ; or, in 
other words, the rate of motion is dependent on the pressure of the mass 
of the inland ice. Glaciers, therefore, fed from large districts of atmos- 
pheric precipitation, move with considerable velocity.” 
Helland thinks it doubtful if the ice-sheet and the glaciers would form 
again could the land be denuded of them and left to the influences of the 
present climate. 
The author also discusses in an interesting way the formation of 
cirques and lake basins in Norway and Greenland, but the views of Ram- 
say and others which he supports are becoming antiquated. 
GEOGRAPHY AND EXPLORATION. 
STANLEY’S Journey across AFRICA. — Following the journey of 
Cameron across the continent of Africa from coast to coast, we have the 
adventurous march of Stanley, who arrived at Loanda, on the west coast, 
August 21st. From a résumé in the Nation we learn that he began his 
journey in November, 1874, at Bagamoyo, on the east coast. He was a 
year and a half reaching Ujiji, but meanwhile had surveyed the Victoria 
Nyanza, had crossed the intervening divide to the Albert Nyanza, and 
had explored the Alexandra Nile. He next, after visiting Lake Tan- 
ganyika, followed up the Lukuga, which Cameron had considered a 
genuine outlet to the lake, but which Stanley claimed was only such in 
exceptionally high water. In November, 1876, he set out through 
Uregga, crossed the left bank of the Lualaba, and passed around a series 
of cataracts, situated just north and south of the equator. “ At 2° N. lati- 
tude the northerly course of the river bends to the northwest, then to the 
west, and finally to southwest, where its width is from two to ten miles, 
and the stream is choked with islands.” This river was called Congo by 
the natives. On the 8th of August, 1877, Stanley arrived at Boma, at 
` the head of the Congo delta ; on the 14th, at Cabinda, on the coast; and 
on the 21st at S. Paulo de Loanda. “ His party (114 in number) was 
greatly reduced by dysentery, scurvy, and ulcers, and his last white com- 
rade, Francis Pocock, had perished by being carried over one of the 
cataracts. His faithful body-servant, Kalulu, was also among the missing. 
_The.importance of Stanley’s discoveries, in a geographical point of view, 
cannot be overestimated. They take rank among the foremost of the 
century, and are destined to give a new impulse and direction to explora- 
tion in Central Africa. Hitherto geographers had not conjectured that 
