1877.] Concerning Two Divisions of Indians. 741 
ants as peons or slaves, because they were never able-to acquire 
money sufficient to liberate themselves. At the conquest Indians 
were slaves to the few, but afterwards to the many. 
In admitting them to the church they were sprinkled, given a 
new name, and their hair was cut short. This seems the chief 
difference between the so-called Christian Indian and the so- 
called heathen Indian of that part of the country previously in- 
dicated. 
In several parts of the country under consideration, ruins of 
dwellings and graves of both divisions of Indians are to be found 
side by side ; especially is this the case in the valley of the Rio 
Verde, in Arizona. On the one hand are cave-dwellings, on the 
other stone buildings, in ruins. Who built up and occupied the 
caves, and who built and inhabited the stone structures? The 
Toltec division, which is proven by the articles found therein ; the - 
Aztecs waging war upon the Toltecs drove them from the val- 
ley and took possession. The Aztecs or Apaches claim them to- 
day, but do not now live in them, because their military enemies 
all around compel them to keep in the mountains. Recently 
they were by force compelled to move to reservations. 
The Toltec dwellings in former times as now were built of sun- 
dried bricks or adobes if they were more easily made, but if 
stone was at hand then that was used, and when not broken into 
suitable sizes by natural causes stone hammers were used to re- 
duce them. They were laid up regardless of joints ; with either 
kind of materials they made very good houses. In this valley 
the Toltecs selected the best natural positions on elevated points, 
commanding a view of their fields below and of the surrounding 
country, so that they could not be attacked without a chance of , 
seeing their assailants. The houses were generally of more than 
one story, and some appear to have been built with three. 
In their graves with the dead is to be found pottery, etc., and 
about the dwellings is to be found much broken pottery of a qual- 
ity that points to Pimo and Moqui origin. 
The caves were used as dwellings during the summer, when 
they looked after their crops; but when the autumn set in fever 
and ague prevailed in the valley, the Indians removed to their 
houses, built of stone on the bluffs above the caves, safe from 
ague. The caves are natural excavations in the rocks, and well 
‘adapted for Indians’ dwellings. The Aztecs drove the Toltecs 
out of this valley, and built themselves houses of sticks covered 
with straw and mud, a contrast to the large, airy dwellings in 
