78 



THE HUMMING BIRD. 



[October i, 1891 



tubercles. These drop to the ground when full 

 grown and turn to rough brown pupae beneath 

 rubbish or near the surface of the ground. In the 

 following spring the beautiful moth appears. The 

 upper wings are creamy-white and seal-brown; the 

 under wings, deep yellow, bordered with deep 

 brown. 



Remedy. — Hand-picking is usually practicable. 

 Where very numerous, spraying with white hellebore 

 or Paris green may be used. (Remedies I. and III.) 



Borers (Apple) — See Nos. 12 and 25. 



9. Canker-Worms (Anisopteryx vernata, Peck, 

 and A.pometararia, Harris). — There are two kinds of 

 caterpillars which attack apple trees, and which are 

 known as Canker-worms. Of one, the Spring 

 Canker-worm, the wingless female moths appear 

 chiefly in the spring and lay oval pearly-white eggs in 

 irregular masses" beneath flakes of bark, etc. Of the 

 other, the Autumn Canker-worm, most of the moths 

 appear late in the season and lay eggs which are 

 flattened at the top and laid regularly in clusters of 

 about 100 or more on the outside of the bark. When 

 full-grown the caterpillars of both are much alike, and 

 are brownish-looking larvae, about an inch in length. 

 The females of both kinds are spider-like, wingless 

 creatures ; but the males are delicate moths, with 

 gauzy gray wings. 



Remedy. — There are several mechanical con- 

 trivances for keeping the females from ascending the 

 trees to lay their eggs ; but none of these can com- 

 pare for efficacy with spraying the trees in the spring 

 time with Paris green, 1 pound to 200 gallons of 

 water. If this be done immediately after the flowers 

 have fallen both the Canker-worm and other leaf- 

 eating insects, as well as the Codling Moth, will be 

 killed at the same time. 



Cherry Slug. — See Pear-Tree Slug. 



10. Codling Moth., — (Carpocapsa pomonella, L.) 

 — This is the destructive Apple-worm so well known 

 to all growers and consumers of apples all over the 

 world. The best remedy is spraying the trees once, 

 immediately after the blossoms fall, with Paris green, 

 at the rate of 1 pound to 200 gallons of water. 



CURRANT-WORM, GOOSEBERRY- WORM. See IM- 

 PORTED Currant Saw-Fly. 



11. Fall Web-Worm (Hypantria cunea, Drury). — 

 The unsightly webs made by colonies of this insect at 

 the tops of branches upon fruit and shade-trees in 

 the autumn are well known to everyone. 



Remedies. — The eggs are laid by the female moth 

 during June, and the webs are generally noticeable 

 in July. From the habit these caterpillars have of 

 always remaining inside the web until a short time 

 before they change to pupae, an easy way of dealing 

 with this pest is to cut off the web and deStroy the 

 contained caterpillars by crushing them under foot. 

 If not attended to before they leave the web, of 

 course, spraying the trees with Paris green will 

 destroy this as well as all other leaf-eating insects. 



12. Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer [Chryso- 

 bothris femorata. Fab.). — During June and July very 

 active bronze beetles, about half an inch in length, 

 may be found laying eggs upon the trunks and large 

 limbs of apple, mountain ash and other trees. These 

 eggs soon hatch into the curious flat-headed or horse- 



shoe-nail shaped grubs. These, after a time, eat into 

 the trunk and bore broad and flat tunnels, which 

 seriously injure the tree. 



Remedy. — Undoubtedly the best remedy for this 

 and all other borers which, as a rule, confine their 

 depredations to a certain part of a tree is of a 

 preventive nature, and consists of applying an 

 alkaline or poisonous wash to the trees just before 

 the time the eggs are usually laid. For this purpose 

 Remedy V. or VI. should be applied in the beginning 

 and at the end of June. 



13. Grape-vine Flea-beetle {Graptodera chaly- 

 bea, Illig). — At the time grape-vines are beginning to 

 expand their buds a blue-black flea-beetle, J- inch 

 long, is sometimes very abundant and injurious from 

 destroying the buds and undeveloped flower-bunches. 



Remedies. — Spraying the vines with Paris green, 

 \ lb. to 50 gallons of water, at the time the beetles 

 appear, and clean culture in the autumn, by which all 

 leaves and rubbish are destroyed, amongst which the 

 mature beetles would pass the winter, are the best 

 remedies. 



14. Grape-vine Leaf - hopper (Erythroneura 

 vitis, Harris).- — This insect, generally known by the 

 misleading name of "Thrip," is one of the worst 

 enemies of the grape and ornamental Virginian 

 creeper. Like the last-mentioned insect, it passes 

 the winter in the perfect form beneath rubbish and 

 clods of earth. Clean culture is therefore beneficial. 

 When the insect is abundant its presence is indicated 

 by the white and blotched appearance of the leaves. 

 The most successful treatment is to syringe the vines, 

 as soon as the leaf-hoppers are observed, with kerosine 

 emulsion. (Remedy II.) 



15. Imported Currant-borer (Algeria tipuli' 

 formis, L). — Early in June a beautiful little fly-like 



moth, with three bright yellow bands round the 

 body, may be seen darting about among currant 

 bushes. This is one of the most troublesome 

 enemies of the different kinds of currants. In my 

 experience it has been far more injurious to black 

 currants ; but in some other parts of Canada it more 

 generally affects the red and white varieties. The 

 eggs are laid at a bud on the young wood, and the 

 caterpillar when hatched eats its way into the cane 

 and destroys the pith. It remains in the wood during 

 the winter, and emerges the next June. 



Remedy. — The only remedy is close pruning, and 

 whenever a hollow cane is detected in pruning, the 

 caterpillar must be hunted out and destroyed. Indi- 

 cations of the presence of the borer must also be 

 looked for about the time the flowers are opening, 

 when the leaves of unhealthy shoots have a less 

 healthy appearance. 



16. Imported Currant Saw-fly (Nematus ribesii, 

 Scop.). — Of all enemies to small fruits, there is not one 

 perhaps which is more persistent than this insect. 

 Soon after the leaves expand, early in May, the per- 

 fect insects, which are a little larger than a house-fly, 

 may be seen flying about beneath gooseberry and 

 currant bushes. The eggs are laid in regular rows 

 along the ribs beneath the lower leaves, and soon the 

 well-known "Currant-worms " make their appearance. 



Remedies. — There are at least two broods in the 

 season. The caterpillars of the first of these appear 



