130 HEPlALUS LUPULINUS. 



they should be merely rows of sharp points ; by means 

 of these points the pupa not only emerges from its 

 cocoon in preparation for the exit of the moth, but 

 also travels actively up and down its long cocoon 

 at any time when alarmed during that stage of the 

 insect's life. I never found the larva, but I have found 

 the cocoon, and amused myself by putting the pupa 

 through its paces within. 



In 1886, April 22nd, Mr. G. T. Porritt sent me 

 several larvse, which he dug up ; I supplied them with 

 dead nettle, Lamium purpureum, on the roots of which 

 some of them fed, but several had ceased feeding, and 

 did not even attempt to conceal themselves, but became 

 pupae on the surface in four or five days ; naturally 

 the larva and pupa stage both would be subterranean. 



The full-fed larva is about 20 mm. long, fat looking, 

 like a maggot, with the skin white and shining; the 

 head and collar bright brown, the usual dots pale 

 yellowish-brown, each with a short stiff black hair, the 

 spiracles black. (Probably the larva before it has begun 

 to shorten for its change is more than 20 mm. in 

 length.) The pupa is 17 or 18 mm. long, cylindrical, of 

 even bulk throughout, the headpiece slopes to the 

 mouth, just above which is a small wedge-shaped pro- 

 jection, the antenna-cases prominent but short, the 

 wing-cases very short, the abdominal segments deeply 

 cleft and very movable ; five of these segments have 

 each two transverse dorsal ridges armed with teeth, and 

 four of these have also toothed ventral projections ; the 

 last of these is very prominent. The tail ends bluntly, 

 and has two diverging warts but no spike ; the pupa- 

 skin is glossy, in colour pale reddish-brown, or 

 brownish ochreous, darkest on the head and wings, the 

 spiracles and the toothed ridges dark brown. 



The larvse of the various species of Hepialus must 

 be much alike, but if they could be compared together 

 in life, no doubt good points of distinction could be 

 found. (J.,H. 2, 12,86.) 



