180 VANESSA 10. 



warts ; the spines are quite 3 mm. long, pointed and 

 set with bristles, in the subdorsal row there are ten on 

 segments 3 to 12, in the spiracular row eight on seg- 

 ments 5 to 1 2, in the subspiracular row seven on seg- 

 ments 6 to 12, and on 13 there are two pairs placed 

 nearly in line with the subdorsal rows ; the general 

 colour is velvety black, the dorsal line and the seg- 

 mental folds are dead black, the head, the plate on 

 segment 2, and the anal plate, are all shining black, 

 there is also a small dorsal plate on segment 12 ; the 

 subdividing rings of the segments have on them trans- 

 verse rows of white dots, the two hinder rings of each 

 segment bearing more than the others, the spines are 

 black (immediately after a moult they are whitish, 

 and being strongly contrasted with the dark skin are 

 easy to count), the fine hairs on the head and back 

 are pale, those lower down are brown ; the true legs 

 are black, the ventral prolegs are pale purplish with 

 the feet yellowish, the anal prolegs black with pale 

 feet ; the spiracles large, but being black are incon- 

 spicuous. 



For pupation the larva suspends itself head down- 

 wards from a little pad of silk, and hangs for a couple 

 of days in a curved posture, but at length straightens 

 itself ; the actual change is the more interesting to 

 watch from the contrast between the green of the new 

 pupa skin, and the intense black of the old skin of the 

 larva. When matured the pupa is over 25 mm. long, 

 stout, and mostly cylindrical, though a little angulated, 

 the skin wrinkled ; on a side view the back outline is 

 much curved, the belly much less so ; the head has two 

 triangular diverging horns, the back of the thorax 

 rises in an abrupt curve, and has in the middle a short 

 spike ; it falls in at the waist, whence the abdomen goes 

 in a long curve to the tail, and is set with subdorsal 

 rows of six spines on each side, the first blunt, and the 

 other five sharp ; the shoulder of the wing-case has a 

 short spine, and there is another lower down on the 

 edge of the wing-case; the abdomen ends in a long 



