162 
in the possession of great herds of sheep, and 
they have a very fair understanding of the value 
of money and its advantages. 
The elements of their civilization and the 
impress of our own civilization have no doubt 
produced their effects, and where such factors 
are most actively at work, and have been ap- 
plied the greatest length of time, there can be 
no question that the Indian character has been 
‘influenced by those means, and in certain in- 
stances we may detect it in their physiognomy. 
Those who have ever compared the features 
of typical representatives of the sedentary In- 
dians with the physiognomic characters as pre- 
sented in the countenances of similar individ- 
uals among the field tribes, cannot fail to have 
seen the marked differences. People who have 
lived for ages as have the Moquis and Zufiis in 
their peculiar, semi-civilized state, must of ne- 
cessity in time produce a very different appear- 
ing class of men as compared with individuals 
selected from such tribes as the Navajos, al- 
ready mentioned, or from the even still fiercer 
Apaches. 
As illustrating what I have thus far said I am 
enabled to present in the present connection 
the portraits of three very well-known and dis- 
tinguished Indians, the chiefs of as many tribes 
in New Mexico and Arizona. The first of these 
(Fig. 1) is Mariano, the chief of the Navajos, 
an Indian that I knew personally very well in- 
deed for a number of years. The second is 
Paliwahtiwa, the Governor of Zufii, a man of 
very pronounced characteristics—a person 
whom I met a number of times, and conse- 
quently knew but slightly. Mr. Cushing took 
Paliwahtiwa east on his tour through New En- 
gland and the Middle States, where his digni- 
fied appearance and carriage at once impressed 
all those who met him, Finally I present the 
portrait of Ga-ten-eh, the head chief of the 
Warm Spring Apaches, and the successor to 
that unconquerable savage, Victoria, in 1887. 
His wife and little girl figure in the same plate, 
and it would be hard indeed to find anywhere 
an Indian woman with the unmistakable facial 
indications of a cruel and savage character 
more distinctly marked. I will guarantee the 
scalping-knife is not a stranger to her hand, 
and it may be depended upon that she knows 
how to use it. 
NATURE'S REALM. 
Even to the casual observer a comparative 
study of the features of these three noted In- 
dian chiefs cannot fail to be an instructive one. 
Many of the characteristic traits of Mariano 
are clearly defined in his features. He is a 
firm, brave, as well as a shrewd man. Cun- 
ning to a fault, clear-headed, good-natured, and 
with it all markedly diplomatic for an Indian in 
all his transactions either with other tribes or 
with the whites. On several occasions when I 
was present at an interview between this chief 
and the commanding officer of Fort Wingate, 
New Mexico, called forth by some trouble be- 
tween the Navajos and ranchmen or soldiers, I 
was forced to admire the skill with which Ma- 
riano presented the case in question and con- 
ducted the argument for his side. A number 
of times men had been killed on both sides, and 
an outbreak of those Indians would have surely 
resulted had it not been for the wise conduction 
of the affair in the hands of Mariano, and his 
power in the council to control his excited peo- 
ple. He is a Navajo, and a true field Indian 
through and through. Full of common-sense 
Indian philosophy ; the owner of many sheep ; 
no lover of the Zufiis; simple in his habits, 
though fond of gambling; and finally, well 
schooled in the traditional myths and history 
of his tribe. 
What an entirely different visage are we 
called upon to behold in the case of Paliwah- 
tiwa, Governor of Zufii. He is a splendid and 
a typical representative of a sedentary tribe of 
Indians, a folk that for so many generations 
have lived huddled together, the life of the 
Pueblos and all that that means. The Zufiis 
are practically the remnant of a nation, and, I 
think, as compared with the Navajos, a non- 
progressive one. To some extent they are a 
romantic, almost a poetic people, and tenacious 
of the myths of their ancestors. Naturally 
their tastes for agricultural pursuits have been 
more pronounced than in the case of the Nava- 
jos, the more warlike tribe, and their commo- 
dious stone and plaster houses have inclined 
them more toward home life and a love for the 
domestic. Living so much massed together 
and in such durable structures, has also 
brought with it a certain ever-present sense of 
security from the attacks of outsiders. This 
also has had its influence, and such traits as 
