204 The American Naturalist ' [March, 



of labor, development, atavism, colony, etc. Reproduction by 

 self-division might be illustrated by a splitting of the tribe 

 into two. Budding, by the founding of a colony by emigra- 

 tion of individuals representing different trades needed in the 

 new colony. Sexual reproduction, by emigration of a single 

 couple, and the gradual development (embryology) of the 

 colony with differentiation of labor as the individuals increase 

 in number. The individual in this illustration represents the 

 gemmule. The integrity of a state does not depend upon the 

 number of persons, though the amount of its activity and 

 wealth does. Similarly in the cell, the gemmules may be of 

 like nature, and vary much in number. Here the illustration 

 favors the view of Kolliker rather than Weismann. 



"Although the work of two persons may he different, they 



any person in a state could found a similar state if forced to do 





hole study of pathological 

 humanity what pathology has done for medicine.'' 



Analogy (which is often identity) may be used to illustrate 

 psychological processes. For example, the individual thinks 

 pretty much as the social organism does. Seldom is a com- 

 munity wholly guided by superior thought, Its mercantile, 

 transportation, and intercommunicating machinery is hard at 

 work on the victual and clothes question. Amusement 

 comes next, If a subject such as popular reform, inebriety, 

 education, comes up, any person with advanced views will he 

 talked at and about, by silly vaporers, and his ideas will be 

 contested ; this or apathy' may smother the measure, the 

 organism goes blundering on, guided by average expediency. 



Methods of rural village, town, and city workings are com- 

 parahle to those G f individual- with different degrees of wealth 

 and intelligence. As in higher animal life there i- better 



community there is a tendency to increased subordination to 

 intelligence, for the higher grade intellect- may eventually 

 impress their ideas upon the commonwealth. 



