Plato's model republic was founded upon vague correspon- 

 dences between mental and social divisions. Inder Reason, 

 Will, and Passion, he placed counsellors, the military and the 

 people, and Hobbes pictured the State as a monster " Levia- 

 than." Herbert Spencer deserves full credit for formulating 

 many analogies in the light of biology, and in the essay on 

 '■Social Organism" lays down parallelisms and leading diiler- 

 ences well worth studying. Some of which are as follows : 



The differentiation of labor is universal in all kinds of 

 development. 



Among primitive people the ruling class is comparable 1 to 

 the ectoderm, the governed to the entoderm, and when with 

 later evolution the trading class was created, then the meso- 

 derm arose, which furnished the distributing avenues. This 

 may be taken to represent Europe in the feudal period. 



Great activities in society may abstract capital in one 

 direction at the expense of another, just as over cerebral 

 excitememt may draw blood from the abdomen and cause 

 indigestion. In the lowest animals there exists no blood. 

 Among aborigines there is no circulating medium. 



Circulating methods and channels increase in complexity 

 in the ascending scales of animal and national evolution. 



The growth of a consolidated kingdom out of petty baronies 

 is like an advance among the species of Articulata. Closer 

 commercial and governmental unions between the several 

 segments subordinated to a cephalic ganglion. 



England of to-day, Spencer would compare to some much 

 lower vertebrate form than the human. 



Parliaments discharge functions that are comparable to 

 those discharged by the cerebral ma^es in a vertebrate, he 

 says in the essay, but he refused a gpt in parliament, as he 

 denied that it was any place for a high order of thought, 

 stating that that body did not govern or make laws, but 

 merely promulgated what was indicated to it by extrinsic 

 (mainly popular) influences. And in this idea of the legisla- 

 tive and executive being the cerebral and cerebellar parts lies 

 a great field for dis 



