70 



KIDD'S OWN JOURNAL. 



shoemaker's bill. Ever since this memor- 

 able visit, when any of the clergy com- 

 plained to the bishop of poverty, he would 

 say to them — ■" Keep Bees! Keep Bees ! ! " 

 Bees may be kept in attics, or on the 

 roofs of houses. The celebrated Bonner 

 kept an apiary in an attic, in the centre of 

 the town of Glasgow, where it flourished 

 many years. There are numerous advan- 

 tages connected with the humane manage- 

 ment of honey-bees — such as bringing 

 honey to market early in the season, &c. 

 Many cottagers have commenced a reform 

 in the apiary, where they pass their leisure 

 hours amid the cheering scenes of industry, 

 watching with eager eye their wondrous 

 daily progress, in anticipation of a success- 

 ful harvest, with grateful admiration of the 

 goodness and power of Him "whose wis- 

 dom is in all his works." 



PHRENOLOGY FOR THE MILLION. 



No.XVlII -PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN. 



BY F. J. GALL, M.D. 



{Continued from page 40.) 



Before entering directly into the dis- 

 cussion of my principles, it will be useful to 

 remove an unfavorable impression, which my 

 manner of proceeding in the exposition of my 

 proofs might produce on a certain class of readers, 

 little accustomed to the study of natural history. 



I often institute comparisons between men and 

 animals: Is this comparison appropriate; is it 

 even necessary? I am going to answer these two 

 questions. 



Is it permitted, is it even necessary, to Compare 

 Man with Animals, in order to acquire a com- 

 plete knowledge of his nature, moral and intel- 

 lectual ? 



Those who make the moral and intellectual 

 acts of men to flow from the understanding and 

 will, independent of the body, and those who, 

 being wholly strangers to natural science, still 

 believe in the mechanical action, in the auto- 

 matism of brutes, may esteem the comparison of 

 man with animals revolting, and absolutely 

 futile. But this comparison will be judged in- 

 dispensable by those who are familiarised with 

 the works of Bonnet, Condillac, Reimarus, 

 Georges Leroy, Dupont de Nemours, Herder, 

 Cadet Devau, Huber, Virey, and especially by 

 those who are ever so little initiated in the pro- 

 gress of comparative anatomy and physiology. 

 Man is subject, as we have seen, to the same 

 laws which govern plants and animals. 



The knowledge of man supposes the know- 

 ledge of the elements of which he is composed, 

 as the knowledge of the mechanism of a clock 

 supposes that of the wheels, levers, spring, 

 weights, balance, movement, &c. The organ of 

 animal life, the brain of man, is an assemblage of 

 particular organs, many of which are found in 



animals. The animals of inferior classes have, 

 by the fact of their inferiority to others on the 

 score of intelligence, fewer cerebral organs ; they 

 have only the first rudiments of the human 

 brain, and they are, consequently, easier to de- 

 cipher than those animals which are provided 

 with a more complex brain, and a more compli- 

 cate animal life, or with more numerous instincts 

 and talents. It naturally follows, that in order 

 to attain the knowledge of man in all the parts 

 which constitute his brain, all his propensities 

 and talents, it is necessary to study the animals 

 one after another; following the gradual march 

 which nature has observed, in the succession of 

 their cerebral organs and faculties. 



This study opens to the philosophical ob- 

 server a field infinitely more vast than is sup- 

 posed. The brutes, the objects of all the con- 

 tempt resulting from the ignorance and pride of 

 man, share so many things with him, that the 

 naturalist finds himself sometimes embarrassed 

 to determine where animal life terminates, and 

 humanity commences. Animals are produced, 

 born, and nourished, according to the same laws 

 as man; their muscles, vessels, viscera, and 

 nerves, are almost the same, and exercise the 

 same functions; they are endowed with the same 

 senses, of which they make use in the same 

 manner ; they are subject to similar affections, to 

 joy, sadness, fear, alarm, hope, envy, jealousy, 

 anger; they have the most part of our propen- 

 sities; they are naturally inclined, as we are, to 

 propagation ; they love and foster their young ; 

 they have attachment for each other and for 

 man ; they are courageous, and fearlessly defend 

 themselves and theirs against their enemies; 

 like us they feed on vegetables and on other 

 animals; they have the sense of property, and 

 while some are cruel and sanguinary, others take 

 delight in theft; they are sensible to blame and 

 to approbation; they are mild, docile, compas- 

 sionate, and mutually assist each other; others 

 are wicked, indocile, wayward, obstinate; they 

 retain the recollection of benefits and injuries, 

 are grateful or vindictive; they are cunning and 

 circumspect ; they foresee the future by the 

 past, and take the necessary precaution against 

 the dangers which menace them ; they correct 

 their false judgments and their unsuccess- 

 ful enterprises by experience; they have the 

 idea of time, and foresee its periodical 

 return; they have memory; they reflect and 

 compare ; they hesitate and are decided by the 

 most urgent motives; they are susceptible of a 

 certain degree of individual perfectibility ; they 

 even form abstractions; by means of articulate 

 language, or by gestures, they communicate their 

 ideas, their wants, their projects; they acquire 

 more sagacity and knowledge, by virtue of the 

 circumstances which force them to be more clear- 

 sighted and more cautious; they balance the evil 

 consequences of certain actions which their 

 memory recals to them, with actually stimulating 

 desires; they are seen to follow a deliberate plan 

 of conduct agreed upon between several indi. 

 viduals ; they know each other ; they sing, or are 

 sensible to the harmony of music; they have an 

 astonishing local memory, and perform long 

 journeys; a great number among them build; 

 some even count; very often their actions denote 



