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Swamp Forest, Hardwoods . Although the two categories of "swamp forest, 

 hardwoods" and "swamp forest, cypress" could be combined due to a 

 considerable overlap in spe cies, there are large tracts in the northern 

 part of the Bay beyond the range of cypress, a southern coastal plain 

 species. A swamp is ecologically distinct from a marsh although 

 popular usage often confuses the terms. Basically, a swamp is a poorly 

 drained site, often flooded in winter and spring with either lower water 

 levels or no standing water in summer and fall. The vegetation is mostly 

 trees with some shrubs and vines. A marsh whether flooded year round 

 (most fresh marshes) or periodically (most tidal marshes) is covered 

 with herbaceous plants and a few shrubs perhaps but no trees. The 

 hardwoods representative of the first type of swamp forests are black 

 gum (Nyssa sylvatica) , red maple ( Acer rubrum ) , tupelo ( Nyssa aquatica ) , 

 swamp poplar ( Populus heterophylla ) , various oaks (Quercus spp.), sweet 

 gum ( Liquidambar styracif lua ) , and sweet bay ( Magnolia virginiana ) . 



Swamp Forest , Cypress . The species characteristic of this habitat are 

 basically the same as for the proceeding habitat, but with the addition 

 of cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) as a dominant species. 



Upland Hardwoods . Best developed on solpes and higher ground, the dominant 

 species are hickory ( Carya spp . ) , various oaks ( Quercus spp . ) , short-leaf 

 pine ( Pinus echinata ) , loblolly pine (Pinus taeda ) , Virginia pine (Pinus 

 virginiana) , tulip poplar ( Liriodendron tulipif era ) , black gum ( Nyssa 

 sylvatica), and sweet gum ( Liquidambar styracif lua ) . Important 

 understory trees include dogwood (Cornus f lorida) , and ironwood ( Carpinus 

 caroliniana) . In disturbed areas, old fields, burns and waste land, the 

 pine species often form dense stands - Pinus echinata and p_. virginiana to 



