ANDREW JACKSON. 189 



General conventions of peace, amity, navigation, and 

 commerce were made during the years 1825- 1826 with the 

 Republics of Columbia and Central America, and with the 

 King of Denmark. 



The Tariff Bill, which was enacted by Congress in the 

 Session of 1828, produced the most violent commotion in the 

 Southern States, and was passed only by a very small majority. 



On the anniversary of American Independence, 1826, 

 two of the ex-presidents of the United States departed this 

 life. JOHN Adams died at Quincy in the ninety-first year of 

 his age ; THOMAS JEFFERSON, at Monticello, Virginia, in his 

 eighty-third year. 



In November, 1858, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, was 

 elected to succeed Mr. Adams. 



ANDREW JACKSON, 1829— 1837. 



ANDREW JACKSON, the seventh President of the United 

 States, was installed in his office in March, 1829. John C. 

 Calhoun taking the seat of Vice-President. 



The principal topic of discussion upon the assembling of 

 Congress was the Tariff Act, which had been, from the 

 moment of its passing, a subject of violent contention and 

 popular irritation between the Northern and Southern States ; 

 but General Jackson in his message carried the doctrines of 

 protecting home productions, till they could compete with 

 foreign importation, to their utmost length. An Act was 

 passed, opening the American ports for the admission of 

 British vessels from the colonies with the same cargoes which 

 might be brought, and at the same duties that were payable 

 by American vessels, suspending the alien duties on British 

 vessels and cargoes. In consequence of this Act, the United 

 States were allowed the benefit of the Act of Parliament of 

 1825, which, upon certain terms, allowed foreign nations a 

 participation in her colonial trade. 



In 1832, an act was passed which lowered the duties upon 

 some articles, but it was far from meeting the wishes of 

 Georgia and Carolina. A convention assembled at Columbia 

 from all parts of the State of South Carolina, and declared the 

 tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 null and void, and not binding, 

 and that if the United States should attempt to force them, 

 threatened to form a separate government for South Carolina. 



Whilst civil war and a dissolution of the Union seemed 

 thus to be approaching, General Jackson, his four years 



