42 



PH. GREENWOOD 



A(i): 



Abdominal vertebrae [15] 16-18 [19], modes 16 and 17; 

 caudal vertebrae 12-16, modes 14 and 15; total number of 

 vertebrae 28-32 (mode 31). 



Dorsal fin with 13-16, modes 15 and 16, spinous rays and 

 11-16, modes 12 and 13, branched rays. Anal fin with 3 spines 

 and 8-11, mode 9, branched rays. Caudal fin truncate, 

 subtruncate or almost rounded. 



Scales in the lateral series 28-34, modes 30 and 31. Cheek 

 with 3-6 horizontal rows. [15] 16-18, mode 16, scales around 

 the caudal peduncle. 



Gill-rakers in the outer series on the first ceratobranchial 

 9-15, modes 12 and 13. 



Outer series of teeth in both jaws composed mainly of 

 unequally bicuspid teeth in fishes <150 mm S.L., but pre- 

 dominantly of unicuspids in larger specimens. Inner series of 

 jaw teeth, except in one species, arranged in a single or 

 double series anteriorly and anterolaterally, reducing to a 

 single row posterolaterally; in the exceptional species there 

 are 4 rows anteriorly and anterolaterally, and a single row 

 posterolaterally. 



Pre-shank length of the maxilla equal to, or slightly shorter 

 than the shank-length (see p. 34). Height of the premaxillary 

 alveolar process 69-76% of the height of the entire ascending 

 process (see p. 35). For comments on neurocranial morphol- 

 ogy and other osteological features (including the lower 

 pharyngeal bone and its dentition, see text and figures in 

 Bell-Cross (1975) and Greenwood (1979: 303-305, figs. 

 16-18; and 1984: 216-225, figs. 12-17). 



Lower pharyngeal bone hypertrophied in the majority of 

 species, greatly so in some, but only slightly enlarged in two 

 species. The extent and degree to which the dentition of this 

 bone is molarized is positively correlated with the degree of 

 the bone's hypertrophy. In species with slightly enlarged 

 bones only a few molar-like or submolariform teeth are 

 present, and are confined to the median tooth rows. The 

 ventral outline of the bone's anterior keel is almost straight 

 and rarely extends below a horizontal drawn through the 

 deepest point on the bone's ventral surface below the denti- 

 gerous area. In specimens with a greatly enlarged lower 

 pharyngeal bone, however, the ventral margin of the keel 

 extends a little below that level (see figs 12-17 in Greenwood, 

 1984). 



Anal fin spots small and numerous (as many as 40) 



Sargochromis 



A(ii): 



Abdominal vertebrae [13] 14 or 15 [16], mode 14; caudal 

 vertebrae 14-16, mode 15; total number of vertebrae 28-31, 

 mode 30. 



Dorsal fin with 14-16, mode 15, spinous rays and [10] 

 11-13 [14] branched rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8 or 9 

 branched rays (no distinct modal number). Caudal fin dis- 

 tinctly truncate, subtruncate or almost rounded. 



Scales in the lateral series [30] 31-36, mode 33, modal 

 range 32-34. Cheek with [3] 4-6 horizontal rows. 15, rarely 

 16, scales around the caudal peduncle. 



Gill-rakers in the outer row on the first ceratobranchial 

 7-12, modes 9 and 10. 



Outer series of jaw teeth composed of unequally bicuspid 

 teeth in fishes <80 mm S.L., although some unicuspids can 

 be found in larger fishes within that length range. Unicuspids 

 become the predominant form in fishes >90 mm S.L. Inner 

 series of teeth, in both jaws, arranged in 1-3 rows anteriorly 



and anterolaterally, reducing to a single row posterolaterally. 

 The number of inner rows anteriorly appears to be positively 

 correlated with an individual's size. 



Pre-shank length of the maxilla clearly greater than the 

 shank length (see p. 34), i.e. about 1.2-1.3 times longer. 

 Height of premaxillary alveolar process 60-66% of the height 

 of the entire ascending process. For comments on neurocra- 

 nial form and other osteological features, see Greenwood 

 (1992). 



Lower pharyngeal bone in most individuals showing a 

 slight degree of hypertrophy. In specimens over 50 mm S.L., 

 the median rows of lower pharyngeal teeth are composed of 

 noticeably coarser teeth than those situated laterally, and 

 some can have submolariform crowns; the degree of molar- 

 ization is most marked in fishes over 100 mm S.L. Irrespec- 

 tive of the degree to which the lower pharyngeal bone is 

 enlarged, its anterior keel is deep, with a curved ventral 

 outline whose deepest point lies below a horizontal drawn 

 though the deepest point of the ventral surface underlying the 

 dentigerous part of the bone (cf Sargochromis above); see fig. 

 7, Greenwood, 1992. 

 Anal fin spots of variable size and number, from as few as 3 



or 4 large spots to as many as 19 small ones 



Pharyngochromis. 



B. 16-18 (rarely 15 or 19) abdominal vertebrae; inner and 

 outer rows of jaw teeth composed entirely or mostly of 

 unicuspids in fishes over 30mm S.L. (and posibly in smaller 



individuals as well) B(i) Serranochromis 



14 or 15 abdominal vertebrae; many bicuspid (or weakly 

 bicuspid) teeth present in the outer tooth rows of both jaws in 

 fishes as large as 80 mm S.L B(ii) Chetia 



B(i) 



Abdominal vertebrae [15] 16-18 [19], modes 16 and 17; 

 caudal vertebrae [15] 16-18, modes 16 and 17; total number 

 of vertebrae 31-36 (no distinct modes). 



Dorsal fin with 13-18, modes 15 and 16, spinous rays, and 

 13-16, modes 14,15 and 16, branched rays. Anal fin with 3 

 spines and 9-13, modes 10 and 11, branched rays. Caudal fin 

 subtruncate or almost rounded. 



Scales in the lateral series [34] 35^41, no distinct modes. 

 Cheek with 3 (rarely) to 11 horizontal rows (modally 5-9 

 rows). 18-20 scales around the caudal peduncle (no distinct 

 mode). 



Gill-rakers in the outer series on the first ceratobranchial 

 [8] 9-13, modes 10,11 and 12. 



Outer and inner series of jaw teeth composed of unicuspids 

 in specimens over 30 mm S.L. Inner series of both jaws, in all 

 but one species, arranged in a single or double row (rarely 3 

 rows) anteriorly and anterolaterally, and a single row poster- 

 olaterally. In the exceptional species there are as many as six 

 rows anteriorly and anterolaterally, reducing to a single or 

 double row posterolaterally. 



Pre-shank length of the maxilla shorter than its shank- 

 length (see p. 34), which is ca 1.2-1.3 times longer than the 

 pre-shank portion. Height of the premaxillary alveolar pro- 

 cess 73-82% of the height of the entire ascending process (see 

 p. 34). For comments on the neurocranium and other osteo- 

 logical features see Greenwood (1979: 299-302; figs. 13-15) 

 and Trewavas (1964). 



Lower pharyngeal bone slender, its dentigerous surface 

 elongate and narrow (see figures in Trewavas, 1964, and 

 Greenwood, 1979). No molariform pharyngeal teeth; even 



