FOREGUT ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION OF CONOIDEA 



163 



among species of Daphnellinae, although this is not present 

 in all species. 



Length of siphonal canal 



To define groups of shells with different lengths of the 

 anterior siphonal canal we used parameter Rsl (relative 

 siphonal length) of Harasewych (1981). As a result, we 

 recognise three states of the character; a long siphonal canal 

 (Rsl more than 0.39; up to 0.48 in the species studied), 

 moderate canal (Rsl 0.21 to 0.34), short canal (Rsl less than 

 0.20) or not differentiated from the apertural canal. 



Position of the anal sinus 



The anal (labial) sinus is a characteristic feature of Turridae 

 and its position on the shell whorls is widely used for 

 characterizing species and higher taxa (Powell, 1942, 1966; 

 McLean, 1971). We follow Powell (1966) in recognizing 4 

 types of sinus position; sutural (the deepest point of the sinus 

 is situated near the suture), subsutural (on the whorl shoul- 

 der), peripheral, and poorly pronounced (or very slight). 

 Most turrids have a subsutural sinus; a peripheral sinus is 

 characteristic for all Turrinae and some Clathurellinae 

 (Bathytoma and related genera); a sutural sinus is common 

 among the Daphnellinae. A weak, almost imperceptible sinus 

 occurs occasionally in many subfamilies. It should be empha- 

 sized that sinus types are recognized by growth lines, since 

 the form of sinus at the outer lip of a mature shell may not be 

 the same as that of the immature gastropod. 



Operculum 



The presence of an operculum is obviously the primitive state 

 of the character. All 'lower' conoideans have a well devel- 

 oped operculum. Among 'higher' conoideans, the operculum 

 is absent in almost all Daphnellinae and Mangeliinae, but 

 retained in the Oenopotinae and Conidae. In Clathurellinae 

 (incorporating Borsoniinae), the operculum may be present, 

 vestigial or absent, even in apparently closely-related genera 

 (McLean, 1971). 



Position of opercular nucleus 



The opercular nucleus is usually situated in a terminal posi- 

 tion at the tip of the operculum, but in the Clavatulinae and 

 Turricula it is located medio-laterally. 



Presence of apertural armament 



The aperture of conoidean shells may be without ornament 

 on the outer lip or columella, or they may bear weak to strong 

 denticles, plications and folds. Armed apertures are found in 

 the subfamilies Mangeliinae, Clathurellinae and Daphnelli- 

 nae, and mostly amongst tropical shallow-water species. 



Number of teleoconch shell whorls 



We recognize three types of shells by this character. 1. shells 

 with a small number of whorls (4 and less); 2. with an 

 intermediate number of whorls (5 to 8); 3. with many whorls 

 (9 and more) 



Presence of well developed subsutural ramp 



A subsutural ramp, (a morphologically distinct, often flat- 

 tened part of the whorl profile immediately below the suture) 

 may be either absent, or pronounced, in many subfamilies of 

 Turridae. Usually, this character is clearly shown by a change 

 in both spiral and axial sculpture in this region of the whorl. 



APPENDIX 2 



Genus-group taxa of recent Turridae S.L. 

 (Compiled by A.V. Sysoev) 



The list presented below is of Recent taxa of the genus-group 

 of Turridae s.l. distributed in respect to the classification 

 adopted in the present paper. Since all the data concerning 

 genera described before 1966 were given in Powell's (1966) 

 monograph, type-species and bibliographic citations are 

 included only for genera and subgenera described after 1966. 

 Synonymy is also given only when it differs from that adopted 

 by Powell. 



The classification used is to a great extent conservative; we 

 avoid the description of new taxa and radical changes in the 

 existing classification. As a result, some genera are of 

 'unclear' taxonomic position and cannot be assigned, despite 

 anatomical information, to any existing subfamily (Toxico- 

 chlespira, for example). Some other genera (such as Genota) 

 are only provisionally included into a certain subfamily. 



There are 337 valid Recent genera and subgenera. 



Family DRILLIIDAE Morrison, 1966. ICZN pending 



Agtadrillia Woodring, 1928 

 Eumetadrillia Woodring, 1928 



Bellaspira Conrad, 1868 



Calliclava McLean, 1971 

 Veliger 14(1): 117 

 Cymatosyrinx palmeri Dall, 1919 

 Cerodrillia Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 

 Lissodrillia Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 

 Viridrillia Bartsch, 1943 



Clavus Montfort, 1810 

 Plagiostropha Melvill, 1927 

 Cymatosyrinx Dall, 1889 

 Drillia Gray, 1838 

 ClathrodrUlia Dall, 1918 



Elaeocyma Dall, 1918 



Globidrillia Woodring, 1928 



Horaiclavus Oyama, 1954 

 Anguloclavus Shuto, 1983 



Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ., ser.D (Geol.) 25(1): 9-10 



Mangilia multicostata Schepman, 1913 

 Cytharoclavus Kuroda & Oyama in Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 



The sea shells of Sagami Bay: 213 



Pleurotoma (Mangilia) filicincta Smith, 1882 



Imaclava Bartsch, 1944 

 Iredalea Oliver, 1915 

 Kylix Dall, 1919 

 Leptadrillia Woodring, 1928 



