ON RECENT SPECIES OF SPIRASERPULA REGENHARDT, 1961 



103 



A range of specimens, including very small ones (Table 

 25), were covered under the species of Spiraserpula described 

 in the present paper. The nominal species P. pacifica, there- 

 fore, has the same number of abdominal segments as the 

 smallest juvenile among the other three species. The anterior 

 abdominal chaetae of Serpula and related genera are fre- 

 quently described as being trumpet-shaped or flat trumpet- 

 shaped in serpulid literature. Uchida characterizes P. pacifica 

 as lacking capillaries, but having spatulate chaetae in the 

 terminal abdominal segments. However, all the species 

 described in the present paper, including juveniles, possess 

 capillary chaetae in the terminal abdominal segments, 

 although there may occasionally be an individual in which 

 they are lost (see condition in S. singularis sp. nov.). 



Table 25 Some abdominal characters of the smallest juveniles of 

 three new species, compared with those of Protoserpula pacifica. 



Species 



TL 



Length of 



No. of 



Capillaries 





(mm) 



abdomen 

 (mm) 



Abdom. 

 segs. 



from 



S. caribensis 



3.7 



2.0 



20 



16 



S. zibrowii 



3.4 



2.1 



27 



19 



S. capeverdensis 



2.4 



2.2 



29 



21 



Protoserpula pacifica 



5.1 



2.5 



20 



— 



The bayonet collar chaetae are similar to those of some 

 species of Spiraserpula, but such chaetae are also found in 

 Serpula sensu stricto species, such as Serpula japonica Ima- 

 jima, 1979. It is not known whether Protoserpula possesses 

 ITS or not, but they had also been overlooked until now in S. 

 massiliensis (Zibrowius, 1968), S.lineatuba (Straughan, 

 1967), and S. minuta (Straughan, 1967). 



It appears, therefore, that Protoserpula pacifica was a 

 juvenile serpulid, and its true identity can only be established 

 with more studies to determine the following: Whether it has 

 a pair of true palps and an apron; if so, it does not belong to 

 Spiraserpula. If, however, it has rudimentary opercula and 

 ITS, and lacks an apron, it is likely to belong to Spiraserpula 

 Regenhardt, 1961, which has priority over Protoserpula 

 Uchida, 1978. 



PHYLOGENY 



Spiraserpula Regenhardt, 1961, is a member of the Serpula/ 

 Crucigeral Hydroides clade. A cladistic analysis of Spiraser- 

 pula Regenhardt, 1961, based on the above species (Hove & 

 Pillai) was presented at the Fourth Polychaete Conference, 

 and the paper is due to be published. 



Acknowledgements. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the 

 following: M. N. Ben-Eliahu (HUJ), P. B. Berents & P. Hutchings 

 (AM), S. D. Cairns, K. Fauchald & L. Ward (USNM), P. Wagenaar 

 Hummelinck (former ZLU), M. Jager, (Rohrbach Zement, Dottern- 

 hausen, Germany), A. Muir (NHM), T. H. Perkins (FMRI), and H. 

 Zibrowius (SME), for loaning or donating material; M. O. M. Aarts, 

 R. Fijn, G. van Ee, D. Makhan, C. Schonemann, H. B. Verkaart 

 ; and M. van Vliet (all of former ZLU), G. R. Plaia (FMRI) and R. 

 van Praag-Sigaar (ITZ) for careful sorting of material, without which 



we would not have been able to study so many specimens of these 

 tiny species; the Foundations and Institutions which funded the 

 second author's participation in the various expeditions in which the 

 samples were collected: The Netherlands Marine Science Foundation 

 (CANCAP Expeditions) and the Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expe- 

 dition; the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical 

 Research (WOTRO), and Trustees of the Australian Museum, 

 Sydney, for further field trips. F. Hiemstra for making SEM photo- 

 graphs: H. Zibrowius (SME) for liberal exchange of data; P. Corne- 

 lius, A. Muir, and G. Paterson (NHM) for helpful discussions on the 

 taxonomy; H. Zibrowius (SME), E. W. Knight-Jones and P. Knight- 

 Jones (UCS) and J. D. George (NHM) for kindly reading through 

 the manuscript and providing various criticisms and suggestions; 

 finally, to J.D. George (formerly Head of the Annelida Section), and 

 C. Curds, Keeper of Zoology, (NHM), for kindly providing facilities 

 which enabled the first author to undertake studies on this group. 



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