126 



R.D. MOOI AND A.C. GILL 



Taxon, Catalogue No., SL (mm) 



Type 



Taxon, Catalogue No., SL (mm) 



Type 



C. perplexus, USNM 258839, 51.5 



Icelus hamatus, BMNH 1877.5.13:7-9, 60.3 



Myoxocephalus scorpis, BMNH 1981.2.10:629, 50.5 



Taurulus bubalis, BMNH 1981.2.20:776-794, 38.5 

 Cottocomephoridae 



Cottocomephorus grewingkii, USNM 222075, 100.0 

 Cyclopteridae 



Cyclopterus lumpus, USNM 197582, 83.8 

 Hoplichthyidae 



Hoplichthys langsdorfi, USNM 309447, 123.0 

 Liparididae 



Liparis agassizii, USNM 74697, 117.5 



L. liparis, BMNH 1971.2.16:1757-1760, 99.5 



Paraliparis hystrix, BMNH 1992.10.20:43-48, 87.8 

 Normanichthyidae 



Normanichthys crockeri, USNM 176507, 56.7 

 Pataecidae 



Aetapcus maculatus, BMNH uncat., 118.0 



Pataecusfronto, BMNH 1914.8.20:282, 159.0 

 Platycephalidae 



Thysanophrys japonica, USNM 70735, 119.0 

 Psychrolutidae 



Cottunculus microps, BMNH 1981.3.16:550-553, 87.5 



Psychrolues zebra, BMNH 1986.7.12:193, 41.5 

 Scorpaenidae 



Pterois radiata, USNM 140491, 64.8 



Scorpaena sonorae, USNM 59463, 67.6 



Sebastes alutus, USNM 72461, 80.0 

 Triglidae 



Bellator militaris, USNM 1 14793, 83.0 1 



Stromateoidei 

 Stromateidae 



Peprilus burti, MPM 829 1 , 92 . 4 



Trachinoidei 

 Ammodytidae 



Ammodytes americanus, AMNH 36780, 72.0 



A. hexapterus, FMNH 80613, 106.0 



A. lanceolatus, FMNH 34257, 177.0 



A. personam, USNM 104499, 86.0 



Champsodontidae 



Champsodon sp., USNM 150556, 64.2 1 



Cheimarrhichthyidae 



Cheimarrichthys fosteri, AMNH 98274, 71.0 1 



Chiasmodontidae 



Chiasmodon sp., USNM 186139, 110.0 



Dysalotus alcocki, MCZ 60806, 1 12.0 



Kali normani, USNM 207614, 159.6 



Pseudoscopelus sp. , ARC 8706465, 57.0 



Creediidae 



Crystallodytes cookei, FMNH 63619, 41.0 2 



Limnichthys fasciatus , AMNH 57282 , 45 . 5 2 



Percophididae 



Bembrops anatirostris , AMNH 83323, 170.0 2 



B. gobioides, FMNH 67070, 112.0 2 



Pinguipedidae 



Parapercis cephalopunctatus, FMNH 72471, 108.0 2 



P. montillai, AMNH 50585, 94.0 2 



Uranoscopidae 



Kathetostoma albiguttata, FMNH 45246, 99.0 2 



Uranoscopus sp., USNM 113145, 80.0 2 



Zoarcoidei 



Anarhichadidae 



Anarrhichthys ocellatus, USNM 57832, 585.0 2 



Bathymasteridae 



Bathymaster signatus, USNM 24004, 130.0 2 



Ronquilus jordani , MPM 394, 133.1 2 



Stichaeidae 



Anoplarchus purpurescens, MPM 366, 94.2 2 



Zoarcidae 



Lycodopsis pacifica, MPM 408, 117.3 2 



PLEURONECTIFORMES 

 Achiridae 



Achirus lineatus, MPM 13783, 95.0 



Bothidae 



Bothus lunatus, MPM 24885, 1 14.0 



Cynoglossidae 



Symphurus plagiusa, MPM 10525, 113.0 



Paralichthyidae 



Citharichthys spilopterus , MPM 895 1 , 1 03 . 



Pleuronectinae 



Pseudopleuronectes americanus, AMNH 33401, 119.5 



Psettodidae 



Psettodes erumei, BMNH 1904.5.25: 197-8, 83.4 



Poecilopsettinae 



Poecilopsetta hawaiiensis, MPM 13604, 106.3 



Samarinae 



Samariscus triocellata, MPM 13387, 67.0 



TETRAODONTIFORMES 

 Balistidae 



Rhinecanthus aculeatus, AMNH 50748, 52.5 2 



Monacanthidae 



Pervagorspilosoma, MPM 13528, 78.4 2 



ing on to no other pterygiophores, but becoming continuous 

 with the supracarinalis posterior. With such minimal fibre 

 sharing of this elongate separate slip with the epaxial, it 

 appears that the separate slip is likely to be a modified 

 supracarinalis posterior or supracarinalis medius. Although 

 no other taxon was found exhibiting this morphology, a few 

 taxa do have a tendon extending to the supracaranalis poste- 

 rior from the last fibres of the epaxial section that inserts on 

 to the pterygiophores. We observed this condition in the 

 cirrhitid Paracirrhites arcatus, some labrids (including Spari- 

 soma and Halichoeres), as well as some blennioids. This 

 tendon can be difficult to detect, and could be present in 

 other taxa, although no trace of this feature was found in 

 serranids or scorpaeniforms. 



DISCUSSION 



The insertion of epaxial muscle on to dorsal-fin pterygio- 

 phores is more widespread and exhibits more variation than 

 has been previously reported. The distribution of the various 

 recognized morphotypes suggests that it could have some 

 value for estimating phylogenetic relationships. The most 

 commonly encountered morphology among acanthomorphs, 

 that of no epaxial insertions to dorsal posterolateral processes 

 of dorsal-fin pterygiophores (Type 0), appears to be the 

 primitive condition, as it occurs in all basal acanthomorph 

 taxa (sensu Johnson & Patterson, 1993). Dorsal epaxial/ 

 pterygiophore associations are absent from groups such as 

 lampridiforms, polymixiiforms, basal paracanthopterygians, 

 beryciforms, and smegmamorphs, as well as pleuronectiforms 

 (Table 1). Hence, Types 1-3 are apomorphic at some level. 



