136 



R.D. MOOI AND AC. GILL 



EPAX 



Fig. 19 Epaxial musculature in the gadid Urophycis regia (MPM 

 31175, 133.0 mm SL). Individual slips of muscle extend from the 

 main epaxialis body to insert on the dorsal-fin pterygiophore 

 shafts under the depressores dorsales. Abbreviations and other 

 methods of presentation as in Figs 1, 3. Scale bars = 5 mm. 



tigation of epaxial muscle variation elucidates is the need to 

 shrug off the strait jacket of present classifications when 

 investigating phylogeny of higher taxa. This is particularly 

 true when the taxa are already recognized as non- 

 monophyletic, undefined, or poorly defined (e.g., Percoidei, 

 Perciformes, Paracanthopterygii), but have in essence been 

 reified over time. It is necessary to look beyond the tradi- 

 tional taxonomic boundaries, not only when dealing with 

 undefined groups such as the percoids, but also when investi- 

 gating apparently well-defined or well-established taxa such 

 as the scorpaenoids and trachinoids. Epaxial muscle inser- 

 tions to dorsal-fin pterygiophores provide one character 

 complex that illustrates the potential and novel relationships 

 that such an approach can suggest. These possible relation- 

 ships await rejection or corroboration from similar studies of 

 additional characters. 



Acknowledgements. Specimens were kindly made available by: 

 Mary Anne Rogers, Kevin Swagel, Mark Westneat (FMNH), Tony 

 Harold, Marty Rouse, Rick Winterbottom (ROM), Susan Jewett, 

 Lisa Palmer, Dave Johnson (USNM), Norma Feinberg, Melanie 

 Stiassny (AMNH), Mark McGrouther, Sally Reader, Tom Trnski 

 (AMS), Oliver Crimmen, Anne-Marie Hodges (BMNH). Earlier 

 drafts of this manuscript were reviewed by the late Humphry 

 Greenwood, Dave Johnson, Jeff Leis, Nigel Merrett, Colin Patter- 

 son, Darrell Siebert and Vic Springer; their comments were greatly 

 appreciated. This material is based upon work supported by Smithso- 

 nian postdoctoral fellowships (RDM, ACG), a Lerner-Gray 

 Research Fellowship at the American Museum of Natural History 

 (ACG), and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 

 DEB-9317695 (RDM). 



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