1865.] ' Coins of the Nine Nagas. 121 
name it is mentioned by Hesychius, who lived about A. D. 350 to 
380, as kepoa Aciavov vomiopa 
8. Of the $ pana, the few specimens that I possess belong to the 
Peacock type, but the heaviest weighs only 64 grains. Of the } pana 
or kdkini, the specimens are common and of all the types. One 
peacock coin of Maharaja Va * * weighs 36 grains, five specimens of 
Bhima average 34 grains each, three illegible coins give 34.2 grains, 
_ twelve peacock coins of Skanda give 34.1 grains, five Bull coins of 
Skanda give 37.2 grains, nine Bull coins of Ganapati average 34.5 
grains, and two of Deva Naga weigh respectively 39 and 35. grains. 
_ Altogether these 37 specimens. offer a mean weight of 34.87 grains, 
7 


llowance for wear, is sufficiently near the standard 
ado opted for’ the quarter pana or Kékini. Of the half 
simens are very numerous, embracing three Bull coins 
which, ma king al 
5 ‘of Skanda, all the caine of Brihaspati, the greater number of those of 
Ganapati, and two coins of Deva Naga. The three coins of Skanda 
give a mean of 16 grains each, thirteen coins of Brihaspati give 18.3 
grains, thirty-four coins of Ganapati give 17.55 grains each, and two 
of Deva Naga give 18.5 each. The mean of these specimens gives a 
weight of 17.76 grains for the half kkeiné, which is within half a grain 
of the standard. Of the quarter kdkini, which was the smallest 
“coin” of the old Hindu mint, the only examples belong to Ganapati. 
Twenty of my specimens weigh 140 grains or exactly 7 grains each, 
the heaviest being 114 and the lightest 43 grains. In the original 
monetary scheme of the Hindus, the copper pana was equal in weight 
to 80 raktikas (or ratis), and in value to a handful of cowree shells. 
The average handful was fixed at 80 cowrees a number, which I have 
tested repeatedly with cowrees of all sizes as the handful always rang- 
ed between 70 and 85 shells. To this circumstance the coin owed its 
name of pana or the handful from pdniz, the hand. Both the name 
and the value are even now preserved in the Calcutta reckoning of 
cowrees in which 4 cowrees make 1 ganda and 20 gandds make 1 pan, 
that is 80 cowrees are still equal to 1 pan. 
I. Burma Naa. 
_ Fig. 2.—5 specimens. 
~ Obv.—Peacock standing to left. 
ftev.— A horizontal line like a spear-head. 
Legend. Mahdrdja Bhima Naga. 
