228 Report of the Archeological Survey. [No. 4, 
formed of earthen ramparts and bastions, with a circuit of 23,100 feet, 
or exactly 4 miles and 3 furlongs. The ramparts have a general 
height of from 30 to 35 feet above the fields, but the bastions are con- 
siderably higher ; those on the north face rising to upwards of 50 feet, 
while those at the south-west and south-east angles are more than 60 
feet. Originally there were ditches all round the fortress, but at 
present there are only a few shallow hollows at the foot’of the rampart. 
The parapets were of brick and stone, but although the remains of 
these defences can be traced nearly all round, I could not find any 
portion of the old wall with a facing sufficiently perfect to enable me 
to determine its thickness. The large size of the bricks, which are 
19 inches long by 124 by 23, shows that these are the ruins of very 
old walls. In shape the fortress may be described as an irregular rect- 
angle, with its longer sides running almost due north and south. The 
length of the different faces is as follows :— 
North Tonto; gse<s%n-< anne os. Atsausnneneveeetsalee>ye tynUU meek 
Sonth 2. ¢.ssreheaweasas oe eee 6,000 ,, 
WASt ip tiecioaptniasekatu die meede nema borer 7,500 ,, 
Weeab:., cesnptaectteieosocesstbns wicssniehs et ‘veesay tt, AOE 
Dota mua te 23,100 feet 
The difference in length between the north and south fronts is due 
to the original extension of the fortress on the river face; but the 
difference between the east and west fronts is, I believe, chiefly, if not 
wholly, due to the loss of the south-west angle of the ramparts by the 
gradual encroachments of the Jumna. There are no tracesnow left of the 
western half of the ramparts on the southern face, and the houses of the 
village of Garhawd are standing on the very edge of the cliff overhang- 
ing the river. The reach of the river also from the Pakka Burj at 
the south-west angle of the fortress up to the hill of Prabhdsa, a 
clear straight run of 4 miles, bears 12 degrees to the north of east, 
whereas in the time of Hwen Thsang there were two stwpas and a 
cave at a distance of 134 miles to the south-west of Kosémbi. From 
all these concurring circumstances, I conclude that the west front of 
the fortress was originally as nearly as possible of the same length as 
the east front. This would add 2,400 feet, or nearly half a mile to 
the length of the west front, and would increase the whole circuit 

