1865.] Report of the Archeological Survey. 229 
of the ramparts to 4 miles and 7 furlongs, which is within one furlong 
of the measurement of 5 miles, or 30 li recorded by Hwen Thsang. In 
the three main points therefore of name, size, and position, the present 
Kosam corresponds most exactly with the ancient Kosimbi as it is 
described by the Chinese pilgrim in the 7th century. 
288. Viewed from the outside, thé ruins of Kosimbi present a 
most striking appearance. My previous enquiries had led me to ex- 
pect only a ruined mound some 20 or 30 feet in height covered with 
broken bricks. What was my surprise therefore, when still at some 
distance from the place on the north-east side, to behold extending for 
about 2 miles a long line of lofty earthen mounds as high as most of 
the trees. I felt at once that this was the celebrated Kosimbi, the 
capital of the far-famed Raja Udayana. On reaching the place, I 
mounted one of the huge earthen bastions, from whence I had a clear 
view of the interior. This was very uneven, but free from jungle, the 
whole surface being thickly covered with broken bricks. In many 
places the bricks were partially cleared away to form fields, but in others 
the broken bricks were so thickly strewn that the earth beneath was 
scarcely discernable. But I was disappointed to find that there were 
no prominent masses of ruin; the only object that caught the eye 
being a modern Jain temple. I recognized the positions of six gates 
by the deep depressions in the lines of rampart. There are two of 
these openings on each of the three land faces of the fortress. 
289. The present village of Kosam consists of two distinct portions, 
named Kosam Indm and Kosam Khirdj, or ‘“‘ Rent-free’’ and ‘“ Rent- 
paying” Kosam, the former being on the west, andthe latter on the east 
side of the old fortress. Inside the ramparts, and on the bank of the Jumna, 
there are two small villages called Garhawé Bard and Garhawé Chota, 
their names being no doubt derived from their position within the 
fort or garh. Beyond Kosam Inam is the large village of Pali, contain- 
ing 100 houses, and beyond Kosam Khiraj on the bank of the Jumna 
stands the hamlet of Gop-Sahasa. To the north there is another 
hamlet called Ambd-Kua, because it possesses a large old well sur- 
rounded by a grove of Mangotrees. All these villages together do not 
contain more than 350 or 400 houses, with about 2,000 inhabitants. 
290. The great object of veneration at Kosdmbi was the celebrated 
statue of Buddha in red sandal wood, which was devoutly believed to 
have been made during the lifetime of Buddha by a sculptor whom 

