TERMITES 



mal's way of living." And still, our morality will analyze 

 into the same two elements; our acts are right or wrong 

 according as they are appropriate or non-appropriate to 

 our way of living. 



The difference between human actions and those of 

 other animals is not essentially in the acts themselves, but 

 in the methods by which they are brought about. Animals 

 are controlled by instincts, mostly; man is controlled by a 

 conscious feeling that he should do this or that — "con- 

 science," we call it — and his specific actions are the result 

 of his reasoning or teaching as to what is right and what is 

 wrong, excepting, of course, the acts of perverted indi- 

 viduals who lack either a functional conscience or a well- 

 adjusted power of reason, or of individuals in whom the 

 instincts of an earlier way of living are still strong. The 

 general truth is clear, however, that in behavior, as in 

 physiology, there is not just one way of arriving at a 

 common result, and that nature may employ quite dif- 

 ferent means for determining and activating conduct in 

 her creatures. 



Since right and wrong, then, are not abstract prop- 

 erties, but are terms expressing fitness or non-fitness, 

 judged according to circumstances, or an animal's way of 

 living, it is evident that the quality of actions will differ 

 much according to how a species lives. Particularly 

 will there be a difference in the necessary behavior of 

 species that live as individuals and of those that live as 

 groups of individuals. In other words, that which may 

 be right for an individualistic species may be wrong for 

 a communal species; for, with the latter, the group re- 

 places the individual, and relations are now established 

 within the group, or pertaining to the group as a whole, 

 that before applied to the individual, while relations that 

 formerly existed between individuals become now rela- 

 tions between groups. 



The majority of animals live as individuals, each 

 wandering here and there, wherever its fancy leads or 



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