22 



TREES OP THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES 



POINTS. The points as well as the bases of leaves 

 are often peculiar, and need to be described by appro- 

 priate terms. Truncate ^\ indicates an end that 



is square ; retuse , /TR\ ^^//^ oue with a sli ht notcl1 '> 

 emarginate, one Q^x") v^ with a decided notch ; ob- 

 conlate, with a still deeper notch ; obtuse, ^>>. angular but 

 abrupt; acute, ^^.^somewhat sharp- tS^Xeued ; acumi- 

 nate, 7-^de- ^X^cidedly sharp-pointed ; bristle-pointed 

 and C^^"" awned, .^ with a bristle-like tip ; spiny- 

 pointed, with the ^jvjL point sharp and stiff (Holly) ; 

 mucronate, ^> H^with a short, abrupt point. 



MARGINS. Entire, ^8f;K e< ^ e ^^out notches ; re- 



slightly wavy ; sinuate, 



de- - ^7* cidedly wavy ; dentate j 

 tooth-like notches ; serrate, 

 notches like those of a saw ; ^9 crenate, 

 with the teeth rounded; twice ser- 

 when there are coarse serrations finely ser- >^r < rated, 

 as on most Birch leaves; serrulate, with minute serra- 

 tions ; crenulate, with minute crenations. Leaves can be 

 twice crenate or sinuate-crenate. Revolute indicates that 

 the edges are rolled over. 



When a leaf has a few great teeth, the projecting parts 

 are called lobes, and the general form of the leaf is what 

 it would be with the notches filled in. In the description 

 of such leaves, certain terms are needed in describing the 

 plan of the notches, and their depth and form. 



Leaves with palmate veining arepalmately lobedl 

 or notched ; those with pinnate veining are pin-' 

 nately lobed ^oJ/^^L or notched. While the term 

 lobe is apptied^SPto all great teeth of a leaf, whether 

 rounded or pointed, long or short, still there are four 

 terms sometimes used having special signification with 

 reference to the depth of the notches. Lobed indicates 

 that the notches extend about one fourth the distance to 

 the base or midrib ; cleft, that they extend one half the 



