THE HAND AS AN UNRULY MEMBER. 485 
that the thumb should be allowed to associate in this com- 
parison with the largest and strongest of the foot’s fingers, 
at any sacrifice on the part of the upper and less conspic- 
uously useful segments of the arm. But the latter believe 
that the above considerations do not apply in this kind of 
comparison, and offer facts and arguments (which will be 
given in another place) to show why the thumb should 
not be the only part thought of in this connection, and 
even that it ought to content itself with whatever position 
as regards the toes may be most convenient for the upper 
portions of the limb which supports it. 
The former uphold one organ against many, and might 
for that reason be styled the aristocratic party, but for 
- the somewhat incongruous fact, that at the present stage 
of the controversy, they far outnumber the more demo- 
cratic members of the other party, who believe in more 
equal rights for all the parts of the limbs. 
So more appropriate titles may be derived from the two 
| ideas which we have found to be suggested, as the thumb 
: is or is not the first part considered in comparing the hand 
= With the foot. If it is, then Parallelism is the idea, and 
, its advocates are the Parallelists. If not, then Antago- 
i. nism is the idea, and its advocates are the Oppositists. 
= Among the Parallelists the more prominent in this dis- 
cussion are Vicq d’Azyr, Bourgery, Cuvier, Flourens, 
Cruveilhier, Turenne; Owen, Maclise, Martins, Huxley, 
Mivart,* and Cleland ;+ to which list might be added the 
lames of as many more anatomists, who have declared 
themselves more or less decidedly in favor of one or ano- 
ther of the views advanced by those whose names are given. 
Those who have more or less completely adopted the 
X * Anatomy of Echidna Hystrix. Transactions of Linnæan Society, Vol. XXV. 
P. 400. 
 TQuain’s Anatomy. Seventh Edition, 1866. pp. 115-117. 
