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OBSERVATIONS ON THE GLACIAL PHENOMENA OF LABRADOR AND © 
(AINE, WITH A VIEW OF THE RECENT INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF 
ABRADOR. By A. S. Packard, Jr., M. D. With two Lithographic 
Plates. (From the Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural His- 
tory, Vol. I. Part 2.) pp. 94, 4to. Boston, 1867. 
The author gives a sketch of the topography and geology of the 
coast of Labrador, followed by a special account of the drift or glacial 
phenomena in Labrador and Maine, describing four epochs in the his- 
tory of the post-tertiary, or quaternary period :— 
1. The true glacial epoch, during which Labrador and New England 
Stood five hundred or six hundred feet higher than at present, and 
huge glaciers extended down to the sea from the various water-sheds. 
- The Leda Clay, or our common brickyard clays, during which 
epoch the land slowly sank, and the glaciers retreated up the valleys 
of the various water-sheds, leaving behind them the thick deposit of 
clay, gravel, and boulders which now covers the surface of New Eng- 
land. ‘During the slow and gentle submergence of the land ushering 
in this epoch, the crude moraine matter (heaps of stone and gravel i 
borne upon the surface of the glaciers) was sorted into beds of reg- 
ularly stratified clays one hundred to three hundred feet in thickness.” 
on our Alpine heights, or in cold, isolated spots on the coast of Maine 
and the Northern lakes, then peopled the surface of New England and 
da ” 
8. “Period of raised Beaches (Saxicava Sands), during which the 
land emerged to its present elevation, and the fauna and flora assumed 
their existing relations. The close of this period witnessed the sur- 
face of New England covered by broad lakes and ponds, with vast 
ivers and extensive estuaries, and deep fiords cutting up the coast- 
line. Its scenic features must have resembled those of Labrador at 
_ the present day.” 
4. The Terrace Epoch marks the period subsequent to the more 
eneral recession of the sea during the preceding period, when the 
estuaries and deep bays were contracting to their present size. 
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