634 THE HAND AS AN UNRULY MEMBER. 
of muscles, that they do not exist in young or feeble indi- 
viduals, and that in some animals, as in the ant-eater, and 
even in the horse, they form prominent ridges which can 
never be accounted for by any twisting of the bones. 
There is really a fourth theory of parallelism, modifi- 
cations of which are entertained by three eminent English 
anatomists,* and which is, in many respects, the most 
plausible and the most difficult to refute. According 
to this view the limbs are supposed to stand out at right 
angles from the side of the body, the elbow being moved 
forward and outward, and the knee backward and out- 
ward into a position which nearly corresponds with the 
condition of the limb in many reptiles, and also in the 
early stages of growth of the higher animals; and in view 
of the great weight which is now deservedly attached to 
the facts of eili yolar; it will be evident that such a 
view must not be rejected without very good reasons. It 
will be noticed, too, that this view does little violence to 
the limbs, although the limbs of mammalia would be 
placed in rather uncomfortable positions, in order to eon- 
form to it. I feel sure, nevertheless, in spite of the 
apparently natural arguments, and in all deference to its 
distinguished advocates, that it is based upon a partial 
consideration of the subject, and I wish that it were pos- 
sible in this connection to offer my reasons for dissenting 
therefrom. But it involves so much, and would require 
a discussion of so many still controverted points, that I 
should be obliged to present in full the grounds upon 
which my own opinion is founded, which would far ex- 
ceed the limits of an article like this. + 
2 Mivart, and Cleland, before 
3 men einen ie igp ofthe anatomy who glora 
relation o; are refe: 
Fas i cited in the preceding num umber, sod tho following pe 
; by the writer: ‘On Morphology and Teleology, June 3, 1866, M 
