PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 675 
ing of plants is much the same. Such was observed in the Rubus 
chamemorus and Arenaria Opeéntanaton for example. 
It is also the same apparently with the fauna. The Chionobas semi- 
dea flies late in July and early in August, in greatest abundance, at the 
same time that its representative species swarm over the bare roc. 
hill-tops of the Labrador coast. Their appearance heralds the close of 
summer, both on the extreme summit of Mount Washington and the 
neo hills of Labrador 
st is known of the Lepidoptereia fauna of Alpine and arctic re- 
gions, both in America and Europe, and our data will be drawn from 
this group of insects. In Europe, Faa erg, Zetterstedt, Pupok nchel, 
Boisduval, Staudinger, and Wocke, have studied the circumpolar lepi- 
der, Shurtleff, and Sanborn have ie ag the insect fauna of Mount 
Washington, ae other Alpine summit 
According to Dr. Staudinger, out s sixteen butterflies found in 
Finmark, two only ae Manto and Argynnis Thore) occur in the 
Alps, and also in Siberi But one butterfly, Chionobas Aello, so far 
as we have been able to ane is Liar to the Alps. Of 122 species 
of lepidoptera inhabiting maaten J 
arctic America, while t pis T circumpolar, namely, occur on 
both sides of the Arctic pia being found in Finmark, igs and 
the mountains of Norway; six species inhabit the summit of Mount 
Washington, and four or five of the whole number also eer the 
Swiss Alps. Two of the European Alpine species are found on Mount 
in ects, as among Mollusca, are almost ex- 
clusively arctic. Such are econo and saab which are paralleled 
by the two marine genera Astarte and Bucci 
Two species (Polyommatus Fr Wanton my Ctdarks polata) abounding 
in Labrador and the polar regions have not yet been found on Mount 
Washington. This is paralleled by the occurrence of certain ee 
e. g. Leda truncata, in the h arctic seas, which have become ex- 
tinct in the seas southward, where they are now found fossil; so Pia 
the distribution of the arctic insect fauna seems to ralleled p 
of an Arctic marine fauna, so the Alp 
abysses, rising out of a temperate into an Arctic climate, seem peopled 
by outliers of an arctic land fauna. These outliers are relics of an 
arctic prige that during the early part of the Quaternary period, i. e 
the Glacial Epoch, peopled the surface of the temperate zone. 
