378 RECREATION 
pyro, one-fourth to one-third the usual quantity 
of soda, about one-half as much bromide solu- 
tion as there is used of the soda and water to 
equal twice the combined bulk of the com- 
bined solutions. The bromide solution is made 
by dissolving one ounce of bromide of potassium 
in eight ounces of water. 
It may be argued that the quantity of 
bromide used is excessive, but the experience of 
the writer has proved the contrary. It may 
make a longer exposure necessary. The 
development will be slow; but, while it pro- 
ceeds, the tray may be covered, and other work 
can be given attention. There is not much 
danger of overdevelopment, unless the plate 
has been excessively overexposed. It is the 
writer’s habit to be making other copies while 
the exposed plates are developing. When it is 
desired to increase the contrasts there is not 
much danger of overdevelopment. 
Any kind of a camera can be used for this 
work, though one with a long bed and a rear 
focusing movement is preferable. With a front 
focus camera the lens can be racked out 
sufficiently to obtain the approximate. focus; 
then the camera should be moved slowly for- 
ward or backward to get sharpness. Should the 
bellows be too short, it is advisable to use a 
supplementary copying lens in connection with 
the regular lens, which shortens the focus 
enough to make a copy the same size as the 
original; but is liable to cause a slight curvature 
of any marginal lines. The use of a proper 
diaphragm is important: the small openings 
having a tendency to increase, the large to 
lessen, contrasts. 
Having gotten the best possible negative 
that can be obtained from the original, the 
improvement of the copy may be carried still 
further if the paper most appropriate for the 
quality of the negative is used in printing—a 
paper giving contrasty effects for negatives 
lacking in contrast; and a softer working paper 
for those negatives having too much contrast. 
We have found the hard and soft grades of gas- 
light papers very satisfactory for this work, and 
we know of no other that we can recommend 
with as much confidence. 
Warm Tones by Development 
A subscriber in Royersford, Pa., asks us to 
publish directions for obtaining sepia and 
brown tones on gaslight papers by development. 
We are against a hard proposition; for of all 
the formule that have been in print, there is 
not one that can be depended upon to produce 
the tone for which the operator is working. If 
there be a person who knows of a process that 
is practical and reliable, he is suppressing the 
secret most effectually. 
Notwithstanding the fact that formule, pur- 
porting to be efficient for these very purposes, 
have appeared in photographic books and 
periodicals over and over again, we do not 
believe that the process by which a variety of 
tones can be obtained at will, with certainty 
and by development alone—we do not believe 
that such process has been discovered. The 
published formulz are half-truths, conclusions 
jumped at without thorough investigation 
after a few experiments, by which a fair print 
with an unusual tone has been obtained. 
Compared with the ordinary black-and-white 
prints, the best of the warmer tones are inferior 
in quality. Paper manufacturers no longer 
recommend these methods; none of them ever 
turned out, commercially, prints with a variety 
of tones which were obtained by development 
alone. 
The principle upon which these tones are 
obtained is to expose much longer than is 
necessary for a black-and-white print, and to use 
a special restrainer in development, either 
bromide and carbonate of ammonia, or citrate 
of ammonia, which may be compounded as 
follows: 
AMMONIUM BROMIDE AND CARBONATE RESTRAINER 
Bromide. of Ammonia:..2....00.seenes I OZ. 
Carbonate of Ammonia.....<L.cscenes I OZ 
Water. oaseccenninceenes ene coe 20 OZ 
AMMONIUM CITRATE RESTRAINER 
Citric Acid iio. s 6s cn o0 ane eee I oz. 
Water :..2. 20% ces eee acee ee eee 8 oz. 
Liquid Ammonia, sufficient to just turn red 
litmus paper to a pale bluish tinge. 
Either of these restrainers can be used with 
the usual developer, the writer having a prefer- 
ence for the latter. The longer exposure neces- 
sitates a larger quantity of restrainer in the 
developer. ‘There is no reliable rule for the 
amount of restrainer to be used, but for pro- 
longed exposures from a half dram to a half 
ounce or even more may be required. 
Out of about fifty experiments tried a — 
of years ago the writer obtained the most 
satisfactory results with the developer com- 
pounded as follows: 
Sulphite of Soda, anhydrous........... 240 gf. 
UnOl. coc Soe Hanns sex aes ee eee 40 gr 
Metole 2 oe eo eee ee eee 20 gr. 
Citric Agid's.i 22226 pies sae eee 20 gr 
Soda ‘Carbonate... <..25.0' <3 eee 100 gr 
Waterco. 25 oS io See ee eee I2 OZ. 
The developer was used without diluting, 
just enough solution of bromide of potassium, 
a few drops, to keep the paper clear, and 
various quantities of ammonium citrate re- 
strainer were added. 
The most satisfactory prints were on rough 
and eggshell Dekko. Out of many trials the 
few fairly good prints were greenish black, 
brown black, brown, reddish brown and sepia. 
The prints on carbon papers were less pleasing. 
The experiments, as such, were interesting, 
