90 



poor habitats. Furthermore 2 Cyperaceae, Cyperus pennatus Link. *) 

 and Fimbristylis spat/iace<j Roth, tussocky, salt-resistent herbs which 

 prefer a firmer substratum than the plants mentioned before; they are 

 mainly found on a clayey, rather moist soil (either saline and often so, or 

 not) behind the beach, frequently rather far (a kilometer and more) 

 remote from it, but they may also occur on the older, firmer parts 

 of a broad beach. Furthermore (probably) Euphorbia atoto Forst -), 

 a deeply rooting halophile herb, common on many loose, sandy 

 beaches and very conspicuous by its glaucous hue. Finally Scaevola 

 frutescens Krause ') and Pondanus tectorius Sol. ''), robust shrubs 

 or (Pandanus) small trees of sandy beaches, both very common in 

 Java. All t/iese species were represented by very numerous specimens, 

 which totally covered part of the beach and flowered and fruited 

 freely, so that Penzig thought they would certainly hold out in 

 the locality where they had established themselves. 



Besides these plants mentioned by P e n z i g as growing on the 

 beach, some other littoral plants, belonging to the Barringtonia-ioTm- 

 ation, must have occurred in this locality as appears from the list of 

 plant-names given by Penzig. Unhappily in this list data on habitat 

 and frequency of these species are entirely lacking, but it is much 

 more probable that they grew on the beach, which is their natural 

 habitat, than in the interior, which is not. 



P e n z i g ' s list of plants found on Krakatao contains the fol- 

 lowing littoral or halophilous species: 



Pandanaceae. 



/. ['din/anus tectorius Sol. (P. littoralis Jungh.). See p. 43, No. 4. 



Gramineae. 



2. Isc/idemum inuticuin L. See p. 89. 



3. Spinifex littoreus A/err. (Sp. squarrosus L.). See p. 89. 



The reproduction of these two grasses is effected, besides by 

 fruits, also by far creeping superterranean stolons ') 



') Probably this is the species named by Penzig Cyperus Jigitatus Roxb. The 

 Litter is no littoral species at all. 



-> Penzig mentions the plant, which he calls a common inhabitant of sandy 

 sea-shores, under the name of Euphorbia pilulifera L ( Eu. hirta L), but this name 

 is most probably wrong. Euphorbia hirta L. is not a common littoral plant but a weed of 

 fields, lawns, roadsides and gravel-covered compounds. It was never found back on the 

 spot in question at subsequent excursions; Euphorbia Atoto on the contrary was found 

 there in 1905, 1900 and 1!X)8. 



! ) Named by Penzig Scaevo/a Koenigii Vahl. 



' ) Named by Penzig Pandanus littoralis /ungh. 



5 ) On a stolon of 5 in. length of Ischaemum muticum I found in i'Jl'l on the 

 beach of I ji Langkahan in Western-lava 122 young individuals. 



