120 



tonia spec, of Treub is the same species as Wcdelia biflora D.C., 

 hence, as a matter of fact, was found back; that the plants named 

 by Treub Nephrodium calcaratum and Nephrodium flaccidum were 

 respectively Dryopteris unita O.K., and Dryopteris setigera O.K., both 

 of which were found back by Penzig, whilst finally also Onychium 

 si/iculosum C. Chr. (O. auratum Kaulf.) was found back in 1897 on 

 Krakatao. As to Phanerogams, besides Hernandia and Tournefortia, 

 the species of Erythrina and Calophyllum inophyl/um L. collected in 

 1886 by Treub were in 1897 not found back on the main island. 

 Assuming with Penzig that all species found by Treub still occurred 

 in 1897 on Krakatao we come for this island itself to a total of 22 

 lower Cryptogams, 14 vascular Cryptogams and 38 Phanerogams, in 

 all 74 species. Of the 26 ,,littoral species" whose seeds or fruits had 

 been found washed ashore, only 22 were indicated by a specific 

 name. Of these no more than 13 are littoral plants (See p. 97). 



Penzig also takes for granted that the entire flora of the 

 Krakatao-group was introduced after 1883. As agents he considers 

 sea-currents, wind and birds. Introduction by man, according to him, 

 has not taken place, as the islands till 1897 were quite uninhabited 

 and were but rarely visited and only for a short time. Some pages 

 after this statement he admits however the possibility that man could 

 have accidentally introduced a couple of species of FJcus \F. hispida 

 L- fit. and F. septica Burm. (= F. leucantatoma Poir.)] into Lang 

 Hiland which had been inhabited during a short time and had receiv- 

 ed more visitors. The vascular Cryptogams were, according to him, 

 exclusively introduced by the wind. For the 53 Phanerogams of 

 the entire group (38 on Krakatao itself) he ascribes introduction 

 by wind to 17 species (14 on Krakatao itself) possessing small 

 fruits or seeds, hence 32 % (for Krakatao itself 37 / c ) of the total 

 number of species. The number of species whose fruits or seeds were 

 carried over by sea-currents is very much higher. Penzig records 

 as such 32 species (for Krakatao itself 25 species) or 60 % of the 

 total number. For the greater part these are as Penzig rightly 

 observed typical littoral plants. Of only 4 of the species collected 

 by him Penzig supposes that the seeds were carried to the 

 Krakatao group by frugivorous birds or bats. Only one of these (3 % 

 of the total number), F. toxicaria L. fil., was collected on Krakatao. 



When one compares the list of the finds of Treub with that of 

 Penzig who examined much the same locality, both lists prove to 

 be very much alike as regards ferns. Of the 11 fern-species of 1886 



