156 



the shrubs immediately behind it. Farther into the interior no 

 specimens were seen. Ernst's statement 1 ) that this species 

 together with other plants, formed ,,formliche Dickichte" 

 along the borders of the gullies of the interior is incorrect. 



Meliaceae. 



19. Xyocarpus granatum Koen. (Carapa obovata Bl.). 



Small crooked tree with horizontal sinuous, laterally much 

 compressed, respiratory roots, the upper part of which 

 emerges from the muddy soil like the blade of a blunt knife. 

 It is spread from West- to East-Java in the tidal forests 

 especially in the less salt parts of these; it is locally often 

 very common, though absent in many places. It frequently 

 grows along the rivers and creeks intersecting the mangrove, 

 and then usually on the convex (when seen from the middle 

 of the river), i.e. the accrescent side of the curves. This 

 tree and Heritiera littoralis Dryand are in the mangrove-for- 

 ests of Java the only two species of which the trunks are 

 often densely clothed with epiphytes whilst these are lacking 

 on most other mangrove-trees. The reproduction of Xylocarpus 

 granatum is effected by seeds which fall out when the large, 

 subglobose fruits burst. They possess a very thick spongy 

 testa, hence floating power 2 ). 



Only one specimen was seen. 



Euphorbiaceae. 



20. Euphorbia atoto Forst. See p. 90 and p. 93, No. 10. 



In many places. 



Sapindaceae. 



21. Dodonaea viscosa facq. See p. 148, No. 28. 



Several specimens. 



Vitaceae. 



22. Columel/a tn'fo/ia Merr. See p. 136, No. 28. 



A few specimens, climbing high into Casuarinas near the 

 beach. 



*) Er nst, Neue Flora Vulkaninsel Krakatau (1907) p. 32. 



2 ) Miquel (Flora Ind. Bat. I 2 , 546), and on his authority also Guppy [Observations 

 of a Naturalist in the Pacific between 1896 and 1899, II (1906), 564] suppose that the 

 seeds of this genus germinate already in the fruit. With none of the very numerous 

 specimens I have seen in lava this was the case. Neither has S c h i m p e r (Indo- 

 Malayische Strandflora, p. 43) observed viviparity in this genus. 



