224 



it, which are quite able to hold their own there against littoral 

 species, as may be observed everywhere on the Javanese coasts. 

 Not the littoral species but the waves of the sea may become the 

 enemies of inland plants. The few ,, forest-trees" named by Ernst 

 were not found in the ravines but immediately behind the Casuarina- 

 forest and in open places in the grass-jungle. The dense forest in 

 the ravines was by Ernst and his companions only seen from afar 

 but could not be reached then. Two years afterwards some of the 

 lower parts of this forest were investigated as is described in 

 Chapter IX. 



^ 13. In this paragraph the expedition of 1908 is discussed. 



For this expedition see Chapter IX. According to Mr. Docters 

 van Leeuwen I stated in my paper 1 ) that behind the littoral belt 

 first a region of mixed forest came, then the grass-jungle. This I did 

 not at all say, I expressly stated that the belt of mixed forest was 

 only present here and there and that it was quite narrow. In the Dutch 

 text of this paragraph it is incorrectly stated that Mr. Demmeni 

 during my visit reached the top. As a matter of fact he did so a 

 few days after I had left the island. 



*j 14. In 1919 much appeared to have been altered, even after making due allowance 

 for the fact that this time the summit was reached. For also In the lower 

 ravines a great many more plants occurred than formerly. I he list of Mr. 

 Docters van I. e e u w e n, which contains also the previous finds, numbers 

 272-') plants for the entire group, against 127 in the list of Ernst 3 ). I he 

 beach-plants had not greatly increased: of genuine littoral plants only seven 

 new ones had made their appearance. I his belt of the flora is the best explored 

 because one is each time obliged to traverse 4 ) it when one wishes to reach 

 the other zones Contrarily the number of forest-plants has been greatly 

 added to. Mr. Docters van Leeuwen, when confining his list of forest- 

 plants to Phanerogams and ferns, found 68 species in all, whereas Ernst and 

 Backer mention 20 species. The highest rate of increase was shown by vas- 

 cular Cryptogams of which Mr. Docters van Leeuwen collected 45 

 species, which means about double the number of those in 1906. Ernst has 

 one epiphyte growing near the coast whereas Mr. Docters van Leeuwen 



1 ) laarverslag van den Topographischen Dienst in Ned. -Indie (Year-book of the 

 Topographical Survey Service in the Dutch Indies), 1908, p. 190. See also herebefore p. 187. 



-) According to the Dutch text 277 species. For Krakatao itself, after the necess- 

 ary corrections and additions have been made, 242 species are mentioned, of which 

 135 Phanerogams, 43 vascular Cryptogams, 6 mosses (3 of them found by Mr. Docters 

 van Leeuwen on this trip and recorded by Max Fleischer in Ann. |ard. Bot. 

 Buitenzorg XXXIII (1923', p. 105 seq.l, 1 lichen, 34 fungi and 23 other Cryptogams. 



;: ) According to the Dutch text 137 species. The total number of species found 

 on Krakatao on and before the excursion of Ernst is 119, of which 76 were Phan- 

 erogams, 14 vascular Cryptogams, 3 mosses, 3 fungi and 23 other Cryptogams. 



4 ) The Dutch text has the same reading: ,,Deze strook van de flora wordt na- 

 ..tuurlijk het beste onderzocht, omdat men er telkenkere weer door moet, wanneer men 

 ,,de andere gordels wil bereiken". 



