269 



Forst.;- 64 (III, 63), Trichosporum ptilchrum Bl.;- 65 (III, 64), Tricho- 

 sporum vo/ubile Nees;- 66 (III, 53), Vil/ebrunea ruhescens Bl.- As I 

 have already repeatedly set forth we may not conclude from a list 

 of finds in a comparatively small part of Krakatao that such plants as 

 were not collected at former excursions, likewise made in restricted 

 localities, were not yet present then on the island. This is the more 

 obvious if we bear in mind that in 1919 the top of the island (some- 

 what upwards of 800 m.) was reached, whilst in 1908 no greater height 

 was attained than 400 m. At both excursions only small parts of the 

 island were visited and even those small parts were but very cursorily 

 investigated. Such flying investigations do not allow of drawing 

 any conclusions as to the absence of a species, which may have 

 been overlooked or not found because the locality it was growing 

 in remained unexplored. Hence it is impossible to ascertain which 

 of the above mentioned 66 species were introduced after 1908, if 

 such might have happened. Anyhow, such an introduction has to 

 be considered probable. Bearing in mind that Mr. Handl and his 

 household have lived during 2 years on Krakatao, that he has laid 

 out a garden there and has introduced domestic animals (swine, 

 geese, hens) that the laying out of a garden and the keeping of 

 animals always cause ruderal weeds to be introduced, we may with 

 some right suppose that such plants of cultivation and weeds of 

 gardens, fields, road-sides and waste places as were for the first 

 time found in 1919 may have been purposely or accidentally intro- 

 duced by Mr. Handl, his followers and his livestock. These are 13 

 in number, viz. Aca/ypha indica L.~ Capsicum frutescens L.~ Cyathu/a 

 prostrata BL, Cypertis cylindrostachyus Boeck., Eleusine indica 

 Gartn.,- E/eut/ieranthera ruderalis Scfi. Bip., Erec/ithites valerianifolia 

 Rafin., Erioc/i/oa ramosa O.K. (or perhaps E. subg/abra Hitchc.), 

 Hoplismenus compositus P. B., Kyl/inga monocephala Rottb., Ricinus 

 communis L. - Stemodia verticillata Bold, and Synedrel/a nodiflora Gartn- 

 But even for this introduction there exists no conclusive evidence, 

 except as regards Capsicum frutescens L. (See p. 197). 



One of the 54 remaining species, Carica papaya L, had been cul- 

 tivated by Mr. Handl during his two years' stay on the island. As the 

 coast was frequently visited by Mr. H a n d 1's people for the purpose 

 of gathering wood, the specimens found by Mr. Docters van 

 Leeu wen may have been the offspring of these cultivated specimens. 

 But such need not at all have been the case, as in 1906 and 1908, 

 long before Mr. Handl established himself on Krakatao, the tree was 



