244 MEDICINE 



more attention in this article; but it is necessary 

 to pass on. 



In quite other 'directions the advance of experi- 

 mental science has revolutionised medicine. Not 

 all disease is due to parasitism. It may be due to 

 disorders originating from some failure within the 

 body itself. Until well within the middle of the 

 last century studies of the human body had been 

 largely anatomical and statical; resulting in 

 accurate description but in little knowledge of 

 dynamic functions. At the time, however, when 

 Pasteur was beginning his studies physiologists 

 were actively at work, and the functions of the 

 body were being investigated at many centres. In 

 Germany the school of Carl Ludwig was obtaining 

 results of importance, and, in France, Pasteur's 

 contemporary and friend, Claude Bernard, was 

 inspiring all the physiologists of Europe. Since 

 then the centre of research has gradually shifted 

 to this country, and we now possess physiologists 

 who lead the world. 



From the nature of things the results of experi- 

 mental studies are usually somewhat in advance 

 of their practical application, but physiology, 

 pathology, and practical medicine are never very 

 far removed from each other, a fact which may 

 be illustrated choosing one instance out of the 

 many available by brief reference to our recently 

 won knowledge concerning internal secretions. 

 The active glands of the body are functionally 



