



* 

REVIEWS. 545 
genera, there are two series of forms, the higher and the more degraded. 
the type of Articulates the Flea is a degraded Mycetophilid, so 
to speak; the Podura is a degraded Neuropterous insect; the Tardi- . 
grades, by some naturalists placed among the worms, are degraded mites, 
to be ranked near Demodex; as in suborders so in Were the riscs 
Boreus is a degraded peia There is the greatest range of fo 
within these subdivisions, and we judge m the MORE and position 
in nature of the lower by their relation to other and higher forms. Fol- 
lowing out the principles of Prof. Huxley, by looking at Hte results of his 
undoubted Coleopterous insect, to a distinct order (as he really does). 
ith as much reason doe e author separate the lower worms (Annu- 
loida) from the Annelida a the Huxleyan sense), or separate the Echi- 
noderms from the Radiata, and place them next to the Annulosa; and as- 
sign the worms to a division equivalent to the Insecta and Crustacea 
combined (Arthropoda). e would question whether this ‘conduces 
Lamarck, when the animal kingdom was a confused mass of classes 
and orders, with no glimpses of mon forms, or hints of an idea, or 
plan, combining these classes into grand type 
In the arrangement of the i Vise we are led back some thirty, o 
ore, years the times of ber and Spence, an ,thoug iia 
Ger 
‘Peters and Carus’ cite ok of Zoology, representing, perhaps, the Erich- 
son and Siebold school. 
The Coleoptera are placed at the head of the Insects, and the Hymen- 
Optera, Lepidoptera and Diptera are interposed between the beetles and 
the Hemiptera, though there is so much in common between these two last 
orders, and the Orthoptera and Neuroptera, in the structure of the imago. 
Beyond the Hemiptera all is uncertainty and confusion, and the tojl of 
Sophical siege of vg present day; his characters defining the 
group being mostly negativ 
The strangest, and P uh speaking, Biddent. Pee pi sus tin 
cation is recognizing the N n “order 
(Trichoptera), wise deir affinities to the Panorpide are so well acknowl- 
ed by the best neuropterists. Why the Neuroptera (in the sense of 
Siebold and Erichson) are placed above the Orthoptera we are not told. 
The Orthoptera, according to Huxley, embrace, — a, the restricted Orthop- 
(Cockroaches, Mantides, Leaf and Stick Insects, Grasshoppers and 
Locusts); b, the TEE (Forficulariæ); c, the Termitinæ (the Pso- 
AMER. NATURALIST, VOL. III. 69 

