e The American Naturalist. [January, 
description of Æ. lividus? from a specimen taken by Lalande in 
the neighborhood of Marseilles, and although he does not men- 
tion the excavations made by this species, according to Dr. P. 
Fisher he had in his possession in 1811 a rock excavated by 
them. 
Dr. Fisher ê in 1864 published an historical account of the ob- 
servations made by others on this subject up to that year. The 
additions to our knowledge since that time to the present year 
have been historically considered in a paper by George John.* 
From these two contributions, as well as from the writings on the 
subject by Bennett,’ Cailliaud® Trevelyn,’ Robert,’ Lory,’ 
Deshayes” and Hesse" a very good idea of what is known on 
this subject may be obtained. 
The boring habit has been observed in the following rock forma- 
tions: Chalk, coral limestone, limestone, sandstone, gneiss, 
granite and lavas. It has also been observed in many other 
rocks, some of which have not been identified.” Excavating sea- 
urchins have been reported from Ireland, England, the Coasts of 
France ” on the English Channel, Bay of Biscay, and Mediterra- 
nean, Algiers, Azores, Florida, West Indies, Coast of California, 
2An attempt by Valenciennes (Comp. Rend., Vol. XLI., p. — to pina the boring 
sea-urchin allied to Æ. Zividus from the type described from the Mediterranean, under 
name Æ. fenebrans, has not been generally followed. The S Bator alia Hcg which 
makes the excavations atGrand Manan, differs in no way, except possibly that some of 
the spines are more stumpy, from ordinary specimens which do not bore in ro 
3N I del’ Echinus lividus Lamk. Ann. d. Sci. Nat., V.Ser., Vol. I. 
p- pr 
4 Ueber bohrende Seeigel. Arch. f. Naturg., 55 Jahr, I. Band, 3 Heft. 
5 Notice of a Peculiar Property of a Species of Echinus. Trans. Linn. Soc., 217, 1826. 
6 Observations et nouv. faits sur les Mollusques RS en general. Comp. Rend. t. 



39, pp. 43-45. Observations sur les oursins perf. de Bretagne, Revue et Maz. Zool., Vol. 
VII, os ae 
at ‘a f the Echinus lividus. Edinb. Philos. Journ., 46, pp. 386-87. 
ee perf te d'une espece d’Echi Comp. Rend., t. 39, P. 639. 

t le granite sur les côtes de la Bretagne. Bull. 
Soc. Geol., p. ct 1856. 
10 id. Y Ann. d. Sci. Nat.,t. VIIL., p. 251. 
12 John gives a tabular view of the kinds of stone, locality, panying organi d 
observer, made up from his study of the literature 
13 Fisher has saa Oy a table stating 1e E on coasts of France where 
chinus lividus 
TUTA HS 


