58 The American Naturalist. [January, 
The map with this volume comprises the region between Lake Fibri 
and Khartoum. The territory of Wadai proper covers 64,000 square 
miles, but the authority of its ruler extends over several desert tribes, 
making a total area of 100,000 square miles, and a population of some 
two and a half millions. The northern part is hilly; the central well 
_ watered, with a light sandy soil; the southern covered with a rich 
clay. The Baltha and Butéha are dry during most of the year, though 
water can be found by digging, but in the rains they are mighty 
streams. Runga and Dar Kuti, subject to Wadai, are pagan ; the first 
has fifteen, the second fourteen villages. Wadai is, on the whole, less 
fertile than Darfur, and still less so than Barum, but it is rich in 
ostriches in the north, and in elephants in the south. The population 
is mixed negro and Arab. 
Darfur or Dar-Fér is about the size of Prussia, and has a population 
of more than 3,000,000 settled inhabitants, and half a million of 
nomads. The people are Arab and negro, more or less mingled. The 
Forawa form the bulk of the population, and are dark-coloréd and 
middle-sized, those in the remote parts still pagans. 
The Ubangi and Ngala.—A map in the June issue of the Proc. 
Roy. Geog. Soc. renders clear the accompanying papers’ of Captain 
Vangele, who has solved the question of the identity of the Welle 
and the Mobangi or Ubangi, and of Mr. J. R. Werner, who writes of 
the tributaries Ngala and Aruwimi, and of the back channel Ngiri, 
which connects the lower part of the Ubangi’s course with the main 
Congo, there nearly parallel to it. In one place the two rivers ap- 
proach very close, but north of 1° 30’ N. they diverge, the Congo’s 
course lying nearly east and west, while the Mobangi continues west 
of north till it reaches 4° 30’ N., when the course bends eastward, its 
upper waters being the Welle and other streams of the Bandjia country. 
The Ngala or Mangalla has no connection with the Ubangi, but its 
upper course also trends eastward. 
Madagascar.—L. H. Ransome describes and gives a map of the 
course of the river Antanambalana (Madagascar) in the May number 
of the Royal Geographical Society’s Proceedings. This stream is in 
the northeast of the island, in the territory of the Betsimisaraka. 
The Antanambalana has no important tributaries, so far as surveyed, 
save the Vohimar, which enters it twenty miles from the mouth. The 
region is one of mountains covered with virgin forest. Among the 
timber are rosewood, ebony, and many hard woods as yet unknown to 
commerce. Mr. Ransome tells of a wild man, five feet nine inches 
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