184 The A mertan Naturalist. [Potireaty, 
U. consors, Actinurus saginatus, Adamsia sociabilis, all new nance $ 
Pennatula aculea, Dan. and Kov.; P. borealis Sars.; Baltici 
jinmarchica, Sars.; Anthroptilum grandiflorum, Verrill ; oyei 
symmetrica Moseley ; Sagartia abyssicola Verrill. In all thirty-three 
species, including seven Pennatulaceæ. Adamsia sociabilis always starts 
life upon a small shell, usually a Cavol/ina, occupied by a hermit-crab 
(Hemipagurus socialis, Smith), but eventually secretes a chitinous pel- 
licle and absorbs the shell. Fladsellum goodei, a very fragile coral 
which is tolerably common, has the power of restoring itself from mere 
fragments, and the same has been noted in Parasmilia lymani Pour- 
talis. The present year has yielded a remarkable new pennatulid 
(Distichoptilum gracile, Verrill), and two Gorgonians ; Acanthogorgia 
armata V., dredged at 640 fathoms, and Paramauricea borealis V., from 
234 fathoms; the former, when living, was bright orange, the latter 
pale salmon. 
Pennatula borealis, previously known only from a few Norwegian 
specimens, has been taken both by Gloucester fishermen and the U. S. 
Fish Commission, at depths varying from 120 to 350 fathoms. The 
largest one was 21% inches high nnd 5% broad. Some of the Actin- 
ians are very large,—Urticina callosa is four to seven inches high, and 
six to ten wide. Occasionally a barrel of large Urticinze or of Bolocera 
tuedie Gosse has been brought up at a single haul. 
Acanella normanit V., a pretty bush-like gorgonian, was very 
abundant at some stations, as were also Pennatula aculeata; Flabellum 
goodei, and, in one spot, the usually rare Anthomastus grandiflorus V. 
One of the most striking instances of commensalism was that of Æt- 
zoanthus paguriphilus V., upon the previously rare hermit-crab Para- 
paguras pilosimanus Smith. The polyp forms the habitation of the crab- 
out of its own tissues, and neither polyp norcrab have hitherto been found 
living separate. Bathyactis symmetrica has a wider bathymetrical and 
geographical range than any other known species, as it has been found off 
Florida, off the Azores, in the South Atlantic, at depths of from 1900 
to 2650 fathoms; in the South Indian Ocean, from 1600 to 1950 
fathoms ; in the Malay Archipelago and West Pacific, in from 360 to 
2440 fathoms; east of Japan, in 2300 to 2400 fathoms; off Valpa- 
«aiso, in 1375 fathoms ; on the New England coast, 225-252 fathoms. 
The species of Echinodermata dredged in 1881 were in all forty- 
eight, twenty-two of which had not previously been found upon our 
coast ; twenty-six may be considered as arctic, twenty-two are Euro- 
pean, and fourteen or more have been taken off Florida or in the Gulf 
of Mexico. 
