1890] ° Anthropology. 197 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 
Congresses, National and International, held in Paris 
during, and a part of, the French Exposition of 1889.— 
There were about 120 such congresses; all such as would otherwise 
have been held in France, and many of those which would otherwise 
have been held in other countries in Europe, were held in Paris, in 1889. 
The Congress of Archælogie and Anthropologie Prehistorique was the 
most important from the American standpoint of Archæology. There 
were enrolled 420 members. Of the foreigners there were Belgians, 
56; English, 32; German, 28 ; Italian, 26; Danes, 13; Austrians, 11; 
Hollanders, 7; Portuguese, 13; Swedes, 8; Swiss, 7; Russians, 6; 
Finns, 6; Spaniards, 4; Americans, 5 ; though not all were present. 
The first three seances of the congress were devoted to the questions 
relative to glacial phenomena, the formation of river valleys, and the 
classification to be made in prehistoric anthropology and paleontol- 
ogy during the quarternary epoch. The ancient theories relating to 
these questions, the latter especially, were maintained by Dr. Gosse, 
of Geneva, and Mortillet, of Paris. Their opponents were Mr. 
Evans, of London, and Monsieur Gosselet, of Lille. Dr. Schliemann 
occupied an afternoon in the discussion of his celebrated discoveries 
in Asia Minor. Mons. J. de Morgan rendered him much assistance in 
demonstrating the antiquity of the men of that epoch and locality by 
relating his discoveries in Armenia; a part of which antiquities the 
National Museum has just purchased from his brother, H. de Morgan. 
Interesting papers and discussion were read and had on the subject of 
the age of bronze and stone in Denmark, the antiquities of the Canary 
Islands, the Megalithic Monuments of Tunis, the Lacustrian of Rou- 
mania, the engraving and sculpture in southern France, particularly at 
the cavern of Mas d’Azil. The papers were read respectively by Dr. 
Sophus Muller, MM. Derneau, Hamy, Butzurneau, and Judge Piette. 
My own papers were those relating’ to the petiods, paleolithic and 
neolithic, in America, and that on the subject of the gravels of Tren- 
ton in which Dr. Abbott has discovered paleolithic implements. MM. 
Fraipont and Lohest gave most interesting descriptions of their cele- 
brated discoveries in the Grotto de Spy, Belgium. Dr. Topinard 
described his studies in the color of hair and eyes of the people of 
rance. There were interesting papers and discussions by the Portu- 
guese, Spaniards, Russians, Scandinavians, and Belgians. 
