1890. ] Proceedings of Scientific Societies. 293 
some distance back from the Lake, and at a considerable elevation 
above the present level. They must have been produced by a very 
swift current of large volume, yet there is no existing stream near 
them. The direction of the torrent is examined. The well-marked 
high terraces of the north shore of Lake Superior are considered in 
this connection, also the lines of depression through the low water- 
shed between Lake Superior and Hudson’s Bay. 
ON THE PLEISTOCENE FLora OF Canapa. Sir William Dawson and 
D. P. Penhallow, Montreal, Canada.—The Pleistocene deposits of 
Canada were defined as consisting of three principal members. 
First.—The Till or Lower Boulder Clay, containing local and trav- 
eled stones and boulders, often glaciated and resting on glaciated sur- 
faces. In the more maritime regions, e. g., the lower St. Lawrence, it 
contains marine shells of arctic species. Further inland, e. g., in 
Western Ontario and the plains west of Red River, it is not known to 
hold marine remains. 
Secondly.—Stratified clays and sandy clays which in the more mari- 
time and lower regions are the “ Lower and Upper Leda Clays,’’ hold- 
ing many maritime shells and drift plants, etc., indicating neighboring 
land. In the interior they hold more abundant vegetable remains and 
locally beds of peat, and also fresh-water shells. These beds have 
been known as “ Interglaciz.”’ ; 
Thirdly.—Sands, clays, and gravels, often stratified, sometimes con- 
taining traveled boulders throughout ; in ther cases having boulders 
below and above. These beds in the maritime region contain sea- 
shells ; further inland they are unfossiliferous. They constitute a second 
or newer boulder formation, and their traveled boulders are often of 
large size, and found at greater elevations than that of the lower boul- 
der clay. 
Above these are alluvial deposits, lakes, terraces, gravels, and eskers- 
prairie-silt, peat deposits, etc., which may be regarded as modern, or 
post-glacial. 
The plants referred to are contained principally in the second formal 
tion, but when, as sometimes happens, this is absent, drift vegetable 
fragments are found in the boulder clay. 
The phenomena point to extensive changes of level and climate 
going on throughout the pleistocene, in which, while the high lar ds 
were occupied with snow and glaciers, and the submerged plains and 
valleys were filled with floating ice, there were throughout, and espe- 
cially in the central period, oases occupied with vegetation, in the 
