(1032 $ The American Naturalist. {November, 
by percussion, but some of the small and fine flakes, such as those of 
obsidian made by the Mexicans, were possibly made by pressure. 
A flake, larger or smaller, once obtained, was subjected to secondary 
work by which it was made into the arrow or spear-head, knife or 
hatchet, according to the intention of the maker and the possibilities 
of the material. This was done by secondary chipping,—that is, chip- 
ping the flake, called in French retouching: 1, by percussion ; 2, on 
the anvil; 3, by pressure ; 4, by hammering or pecking; 5, by grind- 
ing or polishing. For the pressure a bone implement from paleolithic 
Grotte de l’ Eglise, evidently much used, belonging to the collection 
of Dr. Capitan, was exhibited. 
Which and how many of these methods were employed can only be 
determined from an inspection of the specimen, the condition in which 
it was found, and the objects associated with it. From these elements 
were to be resolved the question as to the man who made the imple- 
ment and the age or epoch to which he belonged. All but the last 
two methods were employed alike during—both the paleolithic and 
neolithic periods, while the last two were peculiar to the neolithic. 
M. Gabriel de Mortillet, and at the end Belucci and Vilanova, all 
sustained the proposition that there were proofs of the existence of 
man during the Tertiary epoch. This was combated by M. Cartailhac, 
Boule, and Rames. : 
Monsieur Macedo put up the question of the discoveries of prehis- 
toric human remains at Castenedolo, in Lombardy, Italy, which pro- 
voked a discussion by MM. Topinard, de Mortillet, and Cartailhac. 
Reports in the Anthropologist, that the largest investigations made by 
M. Arturo Issel, of Genoa, adopting the opinion of the geologist, 
Stoppani, confirms him in the opinion that neither the ancient nor the 
new skeletons or cemetery at Castenedolo belonged to the Tertiary 
` man. 
Second Question :—‘‘ The Mines and Workshops of Flint.” 
M. de Baron de Loé read, on behalf of himself and M. de Munck, 
a notice upon the excavations recently made in the neolithic ateser, 
or workshop at Spiennes, near Mons, Hainault, Belgium. This 
memoir added a number of interesting things to those which had 
ready been recorded by MM. Cornet, Briart, and Houzeau de 
Lehaye at the meeting of this Congress in 1879 in Brussels. The 
result of the investigation of MM. Loé and de Munck into these wells 
or shafts of the mines of flint in Spiennes showed that being brought 
on the surface the flint was wrought in special workshops in the neigh- 

